Islamic Scholars & Sages Codexery

Muhammad Abduh

Egyptian scholar and Grand Mufti, key figure in Islamic Modernism.

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Muhammad Abduh

via Wikipedia: Muhammad Abduh · see source

He is regarded as one of the key founding figures of Islamic Modernism, sometimes called "Neo-Muʿtazilism".[1] Born in 1849 and passing away on 11 July 1905, the Egyptian judge and Islamic scholar Muhammad Abduh held the position of Grand Mufti of Egypt.[2]

Life and work

He enrolled at al-Azhar University in Cairo in 1866, where he studied logic, Islamic philosophy, theology, and Sufism.[3] In 1884 he moved to Paris, where he joined al-Afghānī in publishing the pan-Islamist anti-colonial newspaper al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā.[4][5] He returned to Egypt in 1888 and began his legal career.[4] Abduh died due to renal cell carcinoma in Alexandria on 11 July 1905.[6]

In the Nile Delta region, Muhammad Abduh came into the world in 1849; his father had Turkish lineage while his mother was Egyptian.[7] Having received the ʿālim degree in 1877, Abduh commenced instructing students at al-Azhar University in logic, Islamic theology, and ethics.[1] A professorship in history at Dar al-ʿUlūm was given to him in 1878, and he also took on teaching Arabic at the Khedivial School of Languages.[1] Because he backed the Egyptian nationalist ʻUrabi revolt, British authorities forced Abduh into exile from Egypt in 1882, a banishment that lasted for six years.[4]

In 1899, Abduh became the Grand Mufti of Egypt, a role he occupied until his death.[4]

What the cited sources add

The OpenAlex record for Dumont (2005) notes that his paper "Freemasonry in Turkey: a by-product of Western penetration" was published in European Review and has been cited by 21 works.[8]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Kügelgen, Anke von. "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad." Encyclopaedia of Islam, v.3. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2009. Syrac; Ahmed H. Al-Rahim (January 2006). "Islam and Liberty", Journal of Democracy 17 (1), pp. 166-169. (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Richard Netton, "Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion", Routledge, 2008, p. 5–6; Zimney, Facts On File, 2009, p. 5–6; "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad", Brill Publishers, 2007; E. Campo, "Encyclopedia of Islam", Facts On File, Inc., 2009, p. 5–6; Büssow, "Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism", Brill Publishers, 2016, p. 141–159; Büssow, "Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism", Brill Publishers, 2016, p. 141–159; "The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism", Oxford University en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Kügelgen, Anke von. "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad." Encyclopaedia of Islam, v.3. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2009. Syrac; Hourani, "Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age", Oxford University Press, 1962; حلمي،, "التصوف في سياق النهضة: من محمد عبده الى سعيد النورسي", Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-ʻArabīyah, 2018; Kedourie, E. (1997). Afghani and 'Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam, London: Frank Cass. . (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Kerr, "'Abduh Muhammad", Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2010, p. 20–21 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad", Brill Publishers, 2007; Büssow, "Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism", Brill Publishers, 2016, p. 141–159; Kerr, "'Abduh Muhammad", Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2010, p. 20–21; "Urwat al-Wuthqa, al- - Oxford Islamic Studies Online", www.oxfordislamicstudies.com (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Kügelgen, Anke von. "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad." Encyclopaedia of Islam, v.3. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2009. Syrac (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Arthur Goldschmidt, Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt, Lynne Rienner Publishers (2000), p. 10.; Adams, "Islam and Modernism in Egypt, Volume 10", Taylor & Francis, 1933, p. 18; Hourani, "Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age", Oxford University Press, 1962, p. 130; Kerr, "'Abduh Muhammad", Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2010, p. 20–21 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Paul Dumont, "Freemasonry in Turkey: a by-product of Western penetration", European Review (2005), doi:10.1017/s106279870500058x. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Muhammad Abduh (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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