Jamal al-Din al-Afghani
Political activist and Islamic ideologist who championed Pan-Islamic unity.
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Jamal al-Din al-Afghani was a political activist and Islamic ideologist who traveled widely in the late 19th century.[1] The Jewish Virtual Library identifies Jamal al-Din Afghani as the originator of Islamic modernism.[2]
Life and work
In 1856-57 he left Iraq for India, where he remained over a year.[3] After Sher Ali Khan prevailed, al-Afghani was expelled from Afghanistan in 1868.[4][3] He returned to Cairo in 1871 and did some of his most fruitful work there until 1879.[3] While in Egypt, he used Freemasonry as an organizational base for his political activities against the pro-British regime.[5]
He was expelled from Egypt to India in August 1879 after continued public attacks on France and England.[3] He died of cancer of the jaw on 9 March 1897 in Istanbul.[6][2] According to Keddie's 1983 work, his initial schooling occurred at home, after which his father brought him to Qazvin, Tehran, and ultimately the Shiʿite shrine towns in Iraq.[3]
What the cited sources add
The Jewish Virtual Library states that in 1886 he was invited by Shah Nasir al-Din to Iran and offered the position of special adviser.[2] The same source notes that in 1889 he met the Shah in Munich and was offered the position of grand vizier.[2] Keddie's account explains that al-Afghani spent 1887-89 in Russia in futile attempts to promote a Russian war against the British.[3] Keddie also reports that while in Iraq a mass movement against the British tobacco concession broke out in Iran, and al-Afghani wrote a famous letter against the Shah and the concession.[3]
The Jewish Virtual Library adds that Sultan 'Abd al-Hamid II rejected Iranian demands for al-Afghani's extradition over the Shah's assassination.[2]
References
- Wikipedia, "Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: N.R. Keddie, "Afghan, Jamal-ad-Din", 15 December 1983; "Afghan, Jamal ad-Din al-", Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies; "Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghān", The Online Encyclopædia Britannica; "Jamal ad-Din al-Afghan", Jewish Virtual Library; "Intellectuals in the Modern Islamic World: Transmission, Transformation, Communication", Taylor & Francis, 2006, p. 42; Said Amir Arjomand, "Authority and Political Culture in Shi'ism", SUNY Press, 1988, p. 120; Ahmad Hasan Dani, "History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Towards the contemporary perio en.wikipedia.org
- "Jamal ad-Din al-Afghan", Jewish Virtual Library. facts only, no text reused. jewishvirtuallibrary.org
- N.R. Keddie, "Afghan, Jamal-ad-Din", 15 December 1983. facts only, no text reused. iranicaonline.org
- Wikipedia, "Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Mishra, "From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia", Penguin Books, p. 54; N.R. Keddie, "Afghan, Jamal-ad-Din", 15 December 1983 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Karim Wissa, "Freemasonry in Egypt 1798–1921". The British Society for Middle Eastern Studies Bulletin, vol. 16, no. 2, 1989, pp. 148–149.; Kudsi-Zadeh, "Afghānī and Freemasonry in Egypt", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 1 February 2012, p. 26–30; M. Landou, "Prolegomena to a study of secret societies in modern Egypt", Middle Eastern Studies, 1965, p. 135–186 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Jamal al-Din al-Afghani" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: N.R. Keddie, "Afghan, Jamal-ad-Din", 15 December 1983 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.
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Sources
Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.
- Wikipedia: Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (CC BY-SA 4.0).
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