Islamic Scholars & Mystics Codexery

Muhammad Abduh

Egyptian Islamic scholar and Grand Mufti, central figure of the Arab Nahḍa and Islamic Modernism.

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He is regarded as one of the key founding figures of Islamic Modernism, sometimes called "Neo-Muʿtazilism".[1] Born in 1849 and passing away on 11 July 1905, Muhammad Abduh was an Egyptian who worked as an Islamic scholar and a judge, ultimately holding the position of Grand Mufti of Egypt.[2] During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, he played a key role in the Arab Nahḍa and the movement of Islamic Modernism.[2]

Life and work

ʿAbduh began his studies at Cairo's al-Azhar University in 1866, taking courses in logic, Islamic philosophy, theology, and Sufism.[3] Together with his mentor Jamāl ad-Dīn al-Afghānī, he briefly issued the pan-Islamist, anti-colonial newspaper al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā.[4] For backing the 1879 Egyptian nationalist ʻUrabi revolt led by Ahmed ʻUrabi, British forces exiled him from Egypt in 1882 for a period of six years.[5] Appointed Grand Mufti of Egypt in 1899, he retained this top Islamic post until his death from renal cell carcinoma in Alexandria on 11 July 1905.[5][6]

What the cited sources add

A 2023 paper by Олег Соколов examines the crusades in Arab social and political discourse of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.[7] Paul Dumont's 2005 paper "Freemasonry in Turkey: a by-product of Western penetration" was published in European Review.[8]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Kügelgen, Anke von. "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad." Encyclopaedia of Islam, v.3. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2009. Syrac; Ahmed H. Al-Rahim (January 2006). "Islam and Liberty", Journal of Democracy 17 (1), pp. 166-169. (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Richard Netton, "Encyclopedia of Islamic Civilisation and Religion", Routledge, 2008, p. 5–6; Zimney, Facts On File, 2009, p. 5–6; "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad", Brill Publishers, 2007; E. Campo, "Encyclopedia of Islam", Facts On File, Inc., 2009, p. 5–6; Büssow, "Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism", Brill Publishers, 2016, p. 141–159; Büssow, "Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism", Brill Publishers, 2016, p. 141–159; "The Oxford Handbook of the History of Nationalism", Oxford University en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Kügelgen, Anke von. "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad." Encyclopaedia of Islam, v.3. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2009. Syrac; Hourani, "Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age", Oxford University Press, 1962; حلمي،, "التصوف في سياق النهضة: من محمد عبده الى سعيد النورسي", Markaz Dirāsāt al-Waḥdah al-ʻArabīyah, 2018; Kedourie, E. (1997). Afghani and 'Abduh: An Essay on Religious Unbelief and Political Activism in Modern Islam, London: Frank Cass. . (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad", Brill Publishers, 2007; Büssow, "Religious Dynamics under the Impact of Imperialism and Colonialism", Brill Publishers, 2016, p. 141–159; Kerr, "'Abduh Muhammad", Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2010, p. 20–21; "Urwat al-Wuthqa, al- - Oxford Islamic Studies Online", www.oxfordislamicstudies.com (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Kerr, "'Abduh Muhammad", Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2010, p. 20–21 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Muhammad Abduh" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Kügelgen, Anke von. "ʿAbduh, Muḥammad." Encyclopaedia of Islam, v.3. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2009. Syrac (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Олег Соколов, "The crusades in the Arab social and political discourse of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries", Crusades (2023), doi:10.1080/14765276.2023.2189385. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  8. Paul Dumont, "Freemasonry in Turkey: a by-product of Western penetration", European Review (2005), doi:10.1017/s106279870500058x. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Muhammad Abduh (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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