Politics of Nigeria

Lore & Background

Nigerian politics operate within a federal and presidential republic, structured as a representative democracy. The federal government comprises three distinct arms—executive, legislative, and judicial—whose powers are vested by the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria. This constitution provides for the separation and balance of powers among these branches, aiming to prevent past governmental errors. It also divides authority between the federal government and the states, while protecting individual liberties. The president holds executive power, while legislative power rests with the federal government and the bicameral National Assembly, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Senate. This assembly is the nation’s highest legislature, democratically elected to represent the people, make laws, and hold the government accountable. The legal system is based on the rule of law, an independent judiciary, and British common law, inherited from colonial influence. Major influences include English law, common law developed through judicial precedents, customary law derived from indigenous traditions (including ethnic and Muslim Sharia law), and legislation from both British statutes of general application and local Nigerian enactments. Sharia law, used in some northern states, regulates not only social relations but also religious practices and ethical standards. Nigeria became a member of the British Commonwealth upon independence from British colonial rule on 1 October 1960. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Nigeria a "hybrid regime" in 2019.

Reader's Guide

The political system of Nigeria is significant for its constitutional separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, aiming to prevent past governmental mistakes. The president, elected through universal suffrage, serves as head of state and government, commander-in-chief of the armed forces, and is limited to two four-year terms. The National Assembly, comprising the Senate and House of Representatives, holds legislative power and accountability functions. Nigeria's legal system blends English common law, customary law, and Sharia law, reflecting its colonial history and diverse cultural influences.

Did You Know?

• The National Assembly consists of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives.
• The president must include at least one member from each of the 36 states in his cabinet.
• Nigeria's legal system includes English common law, customary law, and Sharia law.
• The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Nigeria a 'hybrid regime' in 2019.