Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
War that freed Balkan states and shifted Black Sea power.
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Russian goals included recovering territorial losses from the Crimean War and supporting Balkan nations seeking freedom from Ottoman rule.[1] The Ottoman Empire fought against a coalition consisting of the Russian Empire, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro during the 1877–1878 conflict.[1]
Life and work
Before that treaty, the Ottoman government issued the Reform Edict of 1856, proclaiming equality of Muslims and non-Muslims.[2] About 10,000 Maronites were massacred by the Druze during the ensuing conflict.[3][4] The Cretan Revolt began in 1866 due to the failure of Ottoman reforms and the Cretans' desire for union with Greece.[5] Article 9 of the 1856 Paris Peace Treaty, which concluded the Crimean War, required the Ottoman Empire to provide equal rights to Christians and Muslims.[2]
Maronite peasants in northern Lebanon, encouraged by their clergy, rebelled in 1858 against Druze feudal lords and created a peasant republic.[3] Mehmed Fuad Pasha, the Ottoman foreign minister, was sent to Syria and carried out executions of instigators from every faction.[6] In September 1876, William Ewart Gladstone, an opposition leader, released "Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East" which urged Britain to end its backing of Turkey.[7]
What the cited sources add
The same source indicates that in 1842 the Ottoman Empire split Mount Lebanon into two administrative zones: a Christian northern district and a southern area under Druze authority.[4]
References
- Wikipedia, "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)" (CC BY-SA 4.0) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Hatt-ı Hümayun", Anayasa (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Country Studies", Library of Congress, 1994; Churchill, "The Druzes and the Maronites under the Turkish rule from 1840 to 1860", B Quaritch, 1862, p. 219 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- "Country Studies", Library of Congress, 1994. facts only, no text reused. countrystudies.us
- Wikipedia, "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Robson, "Lord Clarendon and the Cretan Question, 1868–9", The Historical Journal, 1960, p. 38–55 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Shaw Shaw 1977, p. 142–143; "Country Studies", Library of Congress, 1994 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: MacGahan, "Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the 'Daily News,' J.A. MacGahan, Esq., with An Introduction & Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report", Bradbury Agnew and Co., 1876; Gladstone 1876; Gladstone 1876; "History of Bulgaria", Bulgarian embassy (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.
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Sources
Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.
- Wikipedia: Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) (CC BY-SA 4.0).
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