Political Leaders & Revolutionaries Codexery

Enver Pasha

Ottoman war minister, revolutionary, and convicted war criminal.

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He was born in Constantinople on 23 November 1881 and died on 4 August 1922.[1][2] İsmâil Enver Pasha, a Turkish military officer, revolutionary, and convicted war criminal, held the position of Minister of War for the Ottoman Empire from 1914 through 1918.[1]

Key facts and history

Between 1903 and 1908 he was stationed in Ottoman Macedonia, fighting at least 54 engagements mostly against Bulgarian bands.[3] After the revolution, Enver was assigned as military attaché at Berlin in March 1909 and formed personal ties with high-ranking German officials.[4][5] As war minister, Enver initiated the formation of an alliance with Germany and was instrumental in the Ottoman entry into World War I.[6] He led a disastrous attack on Russian forces at the Battle of Sarikamish, where a large portion of the 90,000-strong army froze to death.[6][7]

Having completed his studies at the Ottoman Military Academy in 1902, Enver became a mektebli; Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) was a fellow student there.[8] During a CUP congress, Enver pushed for a guerilla campaign against the Italians in Libya and subsequently took on the overall command there in 1911.[4][9]

What the research sources say

The article by Bilici in Cahiers balkaniques notes that postcards with the images of Enver and Niyazi as "heroes of the Revolution" were quickly printed.[10]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Enver Pasha" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "The Armenians: Past and Present in the Making of National Identity", RoutledgeCurzon, 2005; "Genocide : conceptual and historical dimensions", Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1997 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Enver Pasha" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Kaylan, "The Kemalists : Islamic revival and the fate of secular Turkey", Amherst, NY : Prometheus Books, 2005, p. 75; Belen, "20. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti", Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2016, p. 77 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Enver Pasha" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Swanson, Glen W. (1980).pp.196–197; Zürcher, "Macedonians in Anatolia: The Importance of the Macedonian Roots of the Unionists for their Policies in Anatolia after 1914", Middle Eastern Studies, 2014b, p. 963 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Hanioğlu, "Enver Paşa", İslâm Ansiklopedisi. facts only, no text reused. islamansiklopedisi.org.tr
  5. Wikipedia, "Enver Pasha" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Yılmaz, "Subversives and Mavericks in the Muslim Mediterranean: A Subaltern History", University of Texas Press, 2016, p. 144; Yılmaz, "Subversives and Mavericks in the Muslim Mediterranean: A Subaltern History", University of Texas Press, 2016, p. 144; Hanioğlu, "Enver Paşa", İslâm Ansiklopedisi; Yılmaz, "Subversives and Mavericks in the Muslim Mediterranean: A Subaltern History", University of Texas Press, 2016, p. 144; Hanioğlu, "Enver Paşa", İslâm Ansiklopedisi (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Enver Pasha" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Bourne, J. M., "Who's who in World War One", Routledge, 2001, p. 282; Maksudyan, "Ottoman children and youth during World War I", 25 April 2019, p. 52; "New york times current history volume 9.", 2012, p. 85 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Enver Pasha" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Hanioğlu, "Enver Paşa", İslâm Ansiklopedisi; Derogy, Jacques. Resistance and Revenge, p. 12 Published 1986, Transaction Publishers. .; Palmer-Fernandez, Gabriel. Encyclopedia of Religion and War, p. 139. Published 2003, Taylor & Francis.; Tucker, Spencer. "World War I", p. 394. Published 2005, ABC-CLIO.; Balakian, Peter. The Burning Tigris, p. 184. Published 2003, HarperCollins. .; Akcam, Taner. A Shameful Act, p. 143. Published 2006, Henry Holt & Co. .; Hanioğlu, "Enver Paşa", İslâm Ansiklopedisi (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Enver Pasha" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Swanson, "Enver Pasha: The Formative Years", Middle Eastern Studies, 1980, p. 193–199 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Enver Pasha" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Hakyemezoğlu, "Buhara Cumhuriyeti ve Enver Paşa", Ezberbozanbilgiler (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  10. Bilici, "Le révolutionnaire qui alluma la mèche: Ahmed Niyazi Bey de Resne [Niyazi Bey from Resne: The Revolutionary who lit the Fuse]", Cahiers balkaniques, 2012. facts only, no text reused. journals.openedition.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Enver Pasha (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Test yourself

Three questions drawn from this entry’s sources. Pick an answer to check it.

1. In what year was Enver Pasha born?

Correct.

Not quite. The answer is 1881.

From the source: “İsmail Enver was born in Constantinople (Istanbul) on 23 November 1881.”

2. In which place was Enver Pasha born?

Correct.

Not quite. The answer is Constantinople, Ottoman Empire.

3. In what year did Enver Pasha die?

Correct.

Not quite. The answer is 1922.

From the source: “He attempted to realise his pan-Turkic ideals by leading the Basmachi Revolt against the Bolsheviks in Bukhara, where he was killed in 1922.”

Answers checked against the source article

Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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