Political Leaders & Revolutionaries Codexery

Emir Abdelkader

Arab Algerian religious and military leader who led a 17-year struggle against French colonial invasion.

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Emir Abdelkader was a 19th-century Algerian religious and military leader who led a resistance against French colonial forces.[1][2]

Key facts and history

By age five, contemporary accounts state he could read and write, and he memorized the entire Quran by age 14.[3] The Treaty of Tafna, signed on 30 May 1837, gave him control of all of Oran Province and beyond.[4][5] He divided his territory into eight regions, each governed by a caliph.[6] He established schools, courts of justice, and minted his own currency.[7]

He surrendered on 22 December 1847 in exchange for a safe conduct to Alexandria or Acre.[8] The French government refused to honor that promise, and he was imprisoned in France.[9] Together with his father, he departed for the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca during 1825.[10] Come the close of 1838, his authority stretched eastward to Kabylie and southward as far as Biskra.[11]

What the research sources say

The Encyclopaedia Britannica account notes that the 1834 Desmichels Treaty recognized his sovereignty over western territories except for three port cities.[12][5] According to the same source, Jews and Christians were employed by him during the construction of his nation.[12][5]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Bouyerdene 2012, p. 9-11 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: de Tocqueville, "Travels in Algeria", Tikhanov Library, 2023, p. ? (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ramaoun 2015, p. 39-41; Bouyerdene 2012, p. 9-11; "Abdelkader", Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2010, p. 18–19; Bellemare 2003, p. 10-11 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Service Historique de l'Armée de Terre, Fonds Serie 1H46, Dossier 2, Province d'Oran, cited in Bouyerdene 2012, p. 48}} (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Abdelkader", Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2010, p. 18–19 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Bellemare 2003, p. 10-11 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Bellemare 2003, p. 10-11; Bouyerdene 2012, p. 9-11 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Bellemare 2003, p. 10-11; "Abdelkader", Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2010, p. 18–19; Bouyerdene 2012, p. 9-11; Bouyerdene 2012, p. 9-11 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Abdelkader", Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2010, p. 18–19; Bouyerdene 2012, p. 9-11 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  10. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: McDougall, "A History of Algeria", Cambridge University Press, 2017, p. 59–68, 70–73, 81; Ramaoun 2015, p. 39-41; Bouyerdene 2012, p. 9-11 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  11. Wikipedia, "Emir Abdelkader" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Abdelkader", Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 2010, p. 18–19; Bellemare 2003, p. 10-11 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  12. Open Library record, ISBN 9781593398378 ("The New Encyclopaedia Britannica"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Emir Abdelkader (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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DamascusFamily treeSufismBeyTafsirHadithFiqhHafiz (Quran)

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Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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