Subtropics
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Immediately north and south of the tropical zone lie the subtropical zones, which are both geographical and climate regions.[1] Within this latitudinal band are the horse latitudes.[1]
Geography and history
Heating near the equator causes upward motion and convection along the monsoon trough.[2] In this climate, summer is normally the season of peak annual rainfall.[3] German climatologists Carl Troll and Karlheinz Paffen defined warm temperate zones by average coldest-month temperatures between 2 °C and 13 °C in the Northern Hemisphere.[4][5] Near the equator, solar heating causes air to ascend, then flow aloft away from the equator, cool, become denser, and descend around the 30th parallel in each hemisphere.[2]
This descending air creates the subtropical ridge through a process called the Hadley cell.[2] The high-pressure zones within the subtropics are responsible for many of the world's deserts.[2] On the western flank of the subtropical high, the humid subtropical climate is frequently observed.[3] A subtropical climate featuring wet winters and dry summers is known as the Mediterranean climate.[6]
What the cited sources add
The Troll-Paffen classification lists specific vegetation types for its subtropical zones, such as "subtropical Hartlaub- und Nadelgehölze" (hard-leaved and coniferous woody plants).[5] It also describes "subtropical Gras- und Strauchsteppen" (grass and shrub steppes) and "subtropical Dorn- und Sukkulententeppen" (thorn and succulent steppes).[5] The classification includes "subtropical Kurzgrassteppen" (short-grass steppes) and "hartlaubige Monsunwälder- und Waldsteppen" (hard-leaved monsoon forests and forest steppes).[5] The Open Library record for ISBN 9780643069268 lists "Australia Burning" as a 2003 publication by CSIRO Publishing.[7]
Elsevier published "Global Urban Heat Island Mitigation" in 2022, per its Open Library record (ISBN 9780323897945).[8]
References
- Wikipedia, "Subtropics" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Subtropical zone", meteoblue (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Subtropics" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Dr. Owen E. Thompson (1996). Hadley Circulation Cell. Channel Video Productions. Retrieved on 11 February 2007.; ThinkQuest team 26634 (1999). The Formation of Deserts. Oracle ThinkQuest Education Foundation. Retrieved on 16 February 2009. (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Subtropics" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Susan Woodward, "Tropical Savannas", Radford University, 2 February 2005; Randy Lascody (2008). The Florida Rain Machine. National Weather Service. Retrieved on 6 February 2009.; John J. Stransky, "Site Treatments Have Little Effect During Wet Season in Texas", Tree Planters' Notes, 1 January 1960; "Australia Burning: Fire Ecology, Policy and Management Issues", Csiro Publishing, 2003, p. 33; Whipple, Addison, "Storm", Time Life Books, 1982, p. 54 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Subtropics" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Climatic map by Istituto Geografico De Agostini, according to Troll-Paffen climate classification; Die Klimaklassifikation nach Troll / Paffen – klimadiagramme.de (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Die Klimaklassifikation nach Troll / Paffen – klimadiagramme.de. facts only, no text reused. klimadiagramme.de
- Wikipedia, "Subtropics" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Remote Sensing for Migratory Creatures (2002). Phenology and Creature Migration: Dry season and wet season in West Mexico. Arizona Remote Sensing Center. Retrie; J. Horel (2006). Normal Monthly Precipitation, Inches. University of Utah. Retrieved on 19 March 2008.; D. Bozkurt, O.L. Sen and M. Karaca (2008). Wet season evaluation of RegCM3 performance for Eastern Mediterranean. EGU General Assembly. Retrieved on 6 February ; "Synoptic Climatology of Major Floods in the Negev Desert, Israel", International Journal of Climatology, 2002, p. 869 en.wikipedia.org
- Open Library record, ISBN 9780643069268 ("Australia Burning"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
- Open Library record, ISBN 9780323897945 ("Global Urban Heat Island Mitigation"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Subtropics (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.
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Sources
Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.
- Wikipedia: Subtropics (CC BY-SA 4.0).
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