Peppers & Citrus Fruits Codexery

Jalapeño

A medium-sized chili pepper cultivar of Capsicum annuum.

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Its pungency usually ranges between 4,000 and 8,500 Scoville heat units, and it is commonly picked green but may ripen to red, orange, or yellow.[1] Compared to the Serrano pepper, the jalapeño has a broader shape and is typically less pungent.[2]

Key facts and history

Jalapeños were in use by the Aztecs prior to the Spanish conquest, as Bernardino de Sahagún in the Florentine Codex describes Aztec markets selling chipotles (smoked jalapeños) and mole made from chipotles.[3] Jalapeños account for thirty percent of Mexico's chili production, with a 1.5% increase in volume yield per year due to improved techniques.[4] The term "jalapeño" derives from the Spanish meaning "from Xalapa," which is the capital of Veracruz, Mexico; however, the pepper itself is not cultivated in or near Xalapa.[5] Vicente Jiménez created the method for pickling and canning jalapeños in the city of Xalapa.[5]

In Mexico during 1999, approximately 107,000 acres were used for growing jalapeños, and this area later fell to 101,000 acres.[4] By 2009, jalapeño production reached 619,000 tons, with Chihuahua contributing 42% of that total.[4] La Costeña holds roughly 60% of the global market and ships 16% of Mexico's jalapeño output abroad.[4] Since 2010, California has been the top jalapeño-producing state in the U.S., with New Mexico and Texas following, as reported by the USDA.[6]

In 1995, the Texas Legislature officially named the jalapeño the "State Pepper of Texas."[7]

What the cited sources add

A 2001 paper by Carter and Vavrina found that the optimum temperature for jalapeño seed germination is 29 °C, with degradation above 30 °C and little to no germination at 40 °C.[8][9] The same paper reported that at 29 °C the time to 50% germination rate is between 4 and 5 days, shorter than cayenne.[8][9] A 2002 paper by Crosby and Villalon described the development of 'TAM Mild Jalapeno II', a new multiple-virus-resistant mild jalapeño pepper.[10][11] A 2005 paper by Bosland noted that F1 hybrids produce the highest and most uniform yields but cost 25 times the cost of open-pollinated seed.[12][13]

A 2010 paper by Bosland introduced the 'NuMex Vaquero' jalapeño cultivar, which is resistant to root rot and foliar blight.[14][15] A 2003 paper by Sanogo discussed chile pepper and the threat of wilt diseases, noting that jalapeños are subject to root rot and foliar blight often caused by Phytophthora capsici.[16][15]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: González-Zamora, "Characterization of different Capsicum varieties by evaluation of their capsaicinoids content by high performance liquid chromatography, determination of pungency and effect of high temperature", Molecu (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Zaslavsky, "Jalapeño vs. Serrano: A Hot Debate Over Flavor", zesterdaily.com (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Hill, "Characterization of Capsicum annuum Genetic Diversity and Population Structure Based on Parallel Polymorphism Discovery with a 30K Unigene Pepper GeneChip", PLOS ONE, 8 February 2013; Bosland, "Chiles: A Gift from a Fiery God", HortScience, August 1999, p. 809–811; Powis, "Prehispanic Use of Chili Peppers in Chiapas, Mexico", PLOS ONE, 13 November 2013 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Burton, "The cultivation of chiles in Mexico", geo-mexico.com, 18 April 2011 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Tang, "Hot and spicy in Mexico: the chili experience", lonelyplanet.com; Fernand, "Esta es la historia de por qué se llaman chiles jalapeños aunque no se siembran en Xalapa", La Silla Rotta Veracruz (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ozores-Hampton, "Jalapeño and Other Hot Pepper Varieties for Florida", ufl.edu; Naeve, "Bell and Chili Peppers", agmrc.org; Coon, "2004 World Chile Pepper Production Statistics", The Chile Pepper Institute Newsletter, Fall 2005, p. 1–2; Bosland, "Second Generation (F2) Hybrid Cultivars for Jalapeño Production", HortScience, 2005, p. 1679–1681; A-J Farm Editor, "One hot crop: Chili peppers growing on area farmers", Lubbock Avalanche-Journal, 2001-05-20 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "State symbols: Texas Legislature Online", capitol.state.tx.us (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Anne K. Carter, "High Temperature Inhibits Germination of Jalapeno and Cayenne Pepper", HortScience (2001), doi:10.21273/hortsci.36.4.724. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Carter, "High Temperature Inhibits Germination of Jalapeño and Cayenne Pepper", HortScience, 2001, p. 724–725 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  10. Kevin Michael Crosby, "'TAM Mild Jalapeno II': A New, Multiple-virus-resistant, Mild Jalapeno Pepper", HortScience (2002), doi:10.21273/hortsci.37.6.999. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  11. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Crosby, "'TAM mild Jalapeno II': A New Multiple-virus-resistant, Mild Jalapeno Pepper", HortScience, 2002, p. 999–1000; Bosland, "'NuMex Vaquero' Jalapeno", HortScience, 2010, p. 1552–1553; Crosby, "'TAM mild Jalapeno II': A New Multiple-virus-resistant, Mild Jalapeno Pepper", HortScience, 2002, p. 999–1000; Crosby, "'TAM mild Jalapeno II': A New Multiple-virus-resistant, Mild Jalapeno Pepper", HortScience, 2002, p. 999–1000; Villalón, "'Jaloro' Hot Yellow Jalapeno Pepper", HortScience, September 1994, p. 1092–1093; Bosland, "'NuMex Vaquero' J en.wikipedia.org
  12. Paul W. Bosland, "Second Generation (F2) Hybrid Cultivars for Jalapeno Production", HortScience (2005), doi:10.21273/hortsci.40.6.1679. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  13. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Bosland, "Second Generation (F2) Hybrid Cultivars for Jalapeño Production", HortScience, 2005, p. 1679–1681; Bosland, "Second Generation (F2) Hybrid Cultivars for Jalapeño Production", HortScience, 2005, p. 1679–1681; Bosland, "Second Generation (F2) Hybrid Cultivars for Jalapeño Production", HortScience, 2005, p. 1679–1681; Bosland, "Pepper Cultivars", NCSU (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  14. Paul W. Bosland, "‘NuMex Vaquero’ Jalapeño", HortScience (2010), doi:10.21273/hortsci.45.10.1552. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  15. Wikipedia, "Jalapeño" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Zitter, "Phytophthora Blight of Cucurbits, Pepper, Tomato, and Eggplant", vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu; Bosland, "'NuMex Vaquero' Jalapeño", HortScience, October 2010, p. 1552–1553; Sanogo, "Chile Pepper and The Threat of Wilt Diseases", Plant Health Progress, April 2003, p. 23; "Diseases, Disorders & Insects", chilepepperinstitute.org; Goldberg, "Chile Pepper Diseases", aces.nmsu.edu (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  16. Soum Sanogo, "Chile Pepper and The Threat of Wilt Diseases", Plant Health Progress (2003), doi:10.1094/php-2003-0430-01-rv. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Jalapeño (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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