Leopard whipray (Himantura undulata)

Classification (WoRMS)

Full classification as recorded by WoRMS: Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Elasmobranchii · Order: Myliobatiformes · Family: Dasyatidae · Genus: Himantura.

Accepted name: Himantura undulata · Authority: (Bleeker, 1852) · Taxonomic status: accepted · AphiaID: 217413.

Synonyms and superseded combinations recorded for this taxon: Trygon undulata Bleeker, 1852.

Source: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) — https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=217413 (CC BY 4.0). Accessed 2026-09-23.

Biology and life history (FishBase)

Measured values published by FishBase for Himantura undulata. Only fields the database actually holds for this species are shown; these are database values, not aquarium guidance.

Maximum length: 410 cm · Habitat zone: demersal · Body shape: other · Vulnerability index: 90 of 100 · Fishery importance: minor commercial · Aquarium trade: never/rarely.

FishBase notes: Demersal on soft substrate inshore (Ref.58048). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449). Size at birth about 20 cm WD and 92 cm TL (Ref. 90102). Caught occasionally in the demersal tangle net, bottom trawl and longline fisheries. Utilized for its meat, skin (high value) and cartilage (Ref.58048).

Source: FishBase species summary (SpecCode 12584) — https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Himantura-undulata.html (CC BY-NC 3.0 — non-commercial use only). Accessed 2026-09-23.

Distribution and occurrence records (GBIF)

50 georeferenced occurrence records for Himantura undulata are published through GBIF from 13 countries or marine areas. The map above plots 15 distinct locations from a sample of 50 records, omitting 14 inland records that carry an institution's coordinates rather than a collection site; it shows where the species has been observed and reported, not a modelled range.

Most records by country or area: Bangladesh (17); India (6); Myanmar (5); Malaysia (5); Australia (4); Indonesia (3); Philippines (3); Egypt (2); United Arab Emirates (1); Sri Lanka (1); Maldives (1); Mexico (1); Chinese Taipei (1).

Marine regions with a valid WoRMS distribution record: Seychellois Exclusive Economic Zone.

Source: GBIF Occurrence Search (taxonKey 5215905) — https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=5215905&has_coordinate=true (records CC0 / CC BY); WoRMS distribution records (MarineRegions) — https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=217413 (CC BY 4.0); Natural Earth 110m basemap — https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ (public domain). Accessed 2026-09-23.

Conservation status (IUCN Red List)

The IUCN Red List assesses Himantura undulata (Bleeker, 1852) as Endangered (code EN). No trend, population estimate or threat analysis is given here, because none is available from this source without the Red List API; follow the source link for the full assessment, including its date.

Source: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (taxon 161621) — https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/161621/0; GBIF IUCN Red List category endpoint (taxonKey 5215905) — https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/5215905/iucnRedListCategory. Accessed 2026-09-23.

Description and natural history (Wikipedia)

Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker first referenced the honeycomb whipray as Trygon undulata, in an 1850 list of Javanese fishes. Two years later, he formally described the species in the scientific journal Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen (Memoirs of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences), based on three specimens caught off Jakarta and Semarang. Later authors assigned it to the genus Himantura. Other common names for this ray include Bleeker's variegate ray and ocellate whipray.

The reticulate whipray (H. uarnak), the leopard whipray (H. leoparda), the fine-spotted leopard whipray (H. tutul), and the Australian whipray (H. australis) are closely related to the honeycomb whipray. The five species are very similar in size, shape, and coloration, which has resulted in a great deal of confusion: H. undulata, H. leoparda and H. tutul have often been misidentified as H. uarnak, while many references to "H. undulata" are in fact of H. leoparda, with the synonym H. fava used instead for the real H. undulata.

The honeycomb whipray has a diamond-shaped, rather thin pectoral fin disc slightly wider than long, with broadly rounded outer corners and concave leading margins converging on a pointed, protruding snout. The eyes are small and immediately followed by much larger spiracles. There is a skirt-shaped flap of skin with a finely fringed posterior margin between the long, narrow nostrils. The mouth is strongly bow-shaped, with shallow furrows at the corners, and contains a pair of papillae (nipple-shaped structures) on the floor. The teeth are small and have a low, transverse ridge on the crown. The pelvic fins are small and roughly triangular.

The tail is thin and whip-like, measuring about twice as long as the disc, and lacks fin folds. Usually a single serrated, stinging spine is placed on the dorsal surface, relatively close to the tail base. Adults have a broad band of small, flattened dermal denticles running centrally from before the eyes, over the back, onto the tail. At the center of the disc, there is an enlarged, round "pearl" denticle trailed by 2–3 smaller thorns along the midline; there are no enlarged denticles on the base of the tail. Newborns have large, well-spaced dark spots covering the disc. With age, the dorsal coloration becomes a honeycomb-like pattern of large, nearly black rings (ocelli) and reticulations, that are separated from each other by thin yellow lines. The tail is covered by alternating dark and light bands or other markings past the sting. The underside is white. This species has been reported to a disc width of 1.3 m.

The range of the honeycomb whipray is not well-defined due to confusion with other species. It seems to occur widely in the tropical Indo-Pacific region, from India to the Indo-Malay archipelago, but not off Australia (all Australian records of H. undulata appear to be H. leoparda). It has been reported from off southern Africa, but these records have not been validated genetically. This benthic species inhabits inshore waters and prefers habitats with soft substrates, including sandy and muddy flats, lagoons, and brackish estuaries and mangrove swamps.

Little is known of the natural history of the honeycomb whipray. It is typically encountered lying still on the bottom, often partially or completely buried in sediment. Presumably, it feeds on crustaceans and small fishes. Reproduction is aplacental viviparous as in other stingrays, with the mother provisioning her developing embryos with histotroph ("uterine milk"). Newborns measure about 26 - 27 cm across, larger than H. leoparda. Also unlike H. leoparda, by a disc width of 50 cm juvenile rays have a well-developed dorsal denticle band. Males reach sexual maturity at 60 - 70 cm across.

Intensive commercial and artisanal fisheries throughout Indonesia and elsewhere catch the honeycomb whipray, using tangle nets, bottom trawls, and Danish seines, and occasionally also longlines. It is mainly marketed for its meat, though the skin and cartilage may also be utilized. Fishing pressure is intensifying in many portions of its range, such as the Gulf of Thailand, with this species particularly susceptible due to its inshore habits. Its habitat preferences also expose it to habitat degradation from coastal development, water pollution, and destructive fishing practices (i.e. blast fishing). Because of these threats, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) suspects the population of the honeycomb whipray has declined, and has assessed it as endangered.

Source: Wikipedia: Honeycomb whipray — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeycomb_whipray (CC BY-SA 4.0). Accessed 2026-09-23.

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