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Nanotechnology

Manipulating matter at the nanoscale for new materials and devices.

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Matter with at least one dimension between 1 and 100 nanometers is what nanotechnology manipulates.[1] Properties of matter at the nanoscale are significantly influenced by surface area and quantum mechanical effects.[1] A nanometer equals 10⁻⁹ of a meter, and the 1–100 nm range is the convention adopted by the American National Nanotechnology Initiative.[2]

Key facts and history

The term "nano-technology" was first used by Norio Taniguchi in 1974, though it was not widely known.[3] K. Eric Drexler's 1986 book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology popularized the term "nanotechnology" and brought it to public attention.[3] Individual atoms and bonds became visible after the scanning tunneling microscope was invented in 1981, and by 1989 this instrument was successfully employed to move individual atoms.[4] Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl discovered fullerenes (buckyballs) in 1985, and the three shared the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for this work.[5]

Sumio Iijima, an NEC researcher, is credited with discovering carbon nanotubes in 1991.[6] Products using nanoscale technologies began to appear commercially, though these were confined to bulk applications of nanomaterials.[7] Among the early commercial examples are the Silver Nano platform (silver nanoparticles as antibacterial agents) and nanoparticle-based sunscreens.[7]

What the cited sources add

The 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded jointly to Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope, as stated in the Nobel Prize press release.[8] The National Nanotechnology Initiative report notes that nanotechnology research and development spans from basic research through application-driven advanced research and development leading to new products.[9] Lapshin's 2004 paper, published in Nanotechnology, has been cited by 59 other works according to its OpenAlex record.[10] Leary's 2006 paper, published in Neurosurgery, has been cited by 187 other works according to its OpenAlex record.[11]

Cavalcanti's 2007 paper, published in Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, has been cited by 69 other works according to its OpenAlex record.[12] Boukallel's 2007 paper, published in IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, has been cited by 35 other works according to its OpenAlex record.[13]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Nanotechnology" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Baig, "Nanomaterials: a review of synthesis methods, properties, recent progress, and challenges", Materials Advances, 2021, p. 1821–1871; "Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology", Doubleday, 1986; "Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation", Wiley, 1992 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Nanotechnology" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "What is nanotechnology and why does it matter?: from science to ethics", Wiley, 2010, p. 3–5; "Modern Concepts in Nanotechnology", Discovery Publishing House, 2008, p. 31–32 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Nanotechnology" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ford, "Rise of the Robots: Technology and the threat of a jobless future", Basic Books, 2018, p. 242 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Nanotechnology" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Scanning tunneling microscopy", IBM Journal of Research and Development, 1986, p. 355–369; "Press Release: the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics", Nobelprize.org, 15 October 1986 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Nanotechnology" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "C<sub>60</sub>: Buckminsterfullerene", Nature, 1985, p. 162–3; "Retrospective: Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005)", Science, December 2005, p. 1916 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Nanotechnology" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Who should be given the credit for the discovery of carbon nanotubes?", Carbon, 2006, p. 1621–3 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Nanotechnology" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Nanotechnology Information Center: Properties, Applications, Research, and Safety Guidelines", American Elements; "Analysis: This is the first publicly available on-line inventory of nanotechnology-based consumer products", The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, 2008 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  8. "Press Release: the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics", Nobelprize.org, 15 October 1986. facts only, no text reused. nobelprize.org
  9. "Applications/Products", National Nanotechnology Initiative. facts only, no text reused. nano.gov
  10. Rostislav V. Lapshin, "Feature-oriented scanning methodology for probe microscopy and nanotechnology", Nanotechnology (2004), doi:10.1088/0957-4484/15/9/006. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  11. Scott P. Leary, "Toward the Emergence of Nanoneurosurgery: Part III—Nanomedicine: Targeted Nanotherapy, Nanosurgery, and Progress Toward the Realization of Nanoneurosurgery", Neurosurgery (2006), doi:10.1227/01.neu.0000217016.79256.16. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  12. Adriano Cavalcanti, "Medical Nanorobot Architecture Based on Nanobioelectronics", Recent Patents on Nanotechnology (2007), doi:10.2174/187221007779814745. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  13. Medhi Boukallel, "Smart Microrobots for Mechanical Cell Characterization and Cell Convoying", IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (2007), doi:10.1109/tbme.2007.891171. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Nanotechnology (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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