Revolutions of 1917–1923 Codexery

Mongolian Revolution of 1921

Revolution that expelled White Guards and founded a Soviet satellite state.

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It involved the formation of the Mongolian People's Party and military cooperation with Soviet forces.[1][2]

Key facts and history

By the late 19th century, China faced division among Western powers and Japan.[3] The Qing dynasty had enforced segregation of non-Han peoples on the frontier.[3] In response to threats, the Qing adopted "New Policies" for sinification of Mongolia through colonization and resource exploitation.[3] Resistance groups formed in Urga, including the Consular Hill and East Urga groups.[4]

According to the sources, the Bogd Khan's court held the actual authority, and the religious establishment used state revenues to benefit itself.[5] The Soviet government was prompted to take military steps because of an invasion by White Guard forces commanded by Baron Roman von Ungern-Sternberg.[2]

What the research sources say

Thomas E. Ewing's 1980 study notes the Qing enforced segregation policies on the frontier with mixed success.[3] Ewing's 1978 article records that the Xinhai Revolution broke out in October 1911.[6] Ts. Puntsagnorov's 1955 history states that White Guard general Grigori Semyonov assembled a group for a pan-Mongolian state in early 1919.[7] L. Bat-Ochir and D. Dashjamts's 1971 biography notes that Damdin Sükhbaatar was a soldier in the Mongolian army.[8]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Mongolian Revolution of 1921" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Choibalsan Losol Demid 1934, p. 56 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Mongolian Revolution of 1921" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Choibalsan Losol Demid 1934, p. 56; Sovetsko-mongolskiye otnosheniya, 1921–1974. [Soviet-Mongolian relations, 1921–1974.], (Moscow, 1975), v. 1, p. 464. (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Mongolian Revolution of 1921" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Thomas E. Ewing, Ch'ing Policies in Outer Mongolia 1900–1911, Modern Asian Studies (Cambridge, Eng., 1980), pp. 145–157. (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Mongolian Revolution of 1921" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Thomas E. Ewing chronicled the history of these two groups in "The Origin of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party: 1920", Mongolian Studies (Bloomington, (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Mongolian Revolution of 1921" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Thomas E. Ewing, Between the Hammer and the Anvil. Chinese and Russian Policies in Outer Mongolia, 1911–1921, (Bloomington, Indiana, 1980), pp. 34–43.; Kuzmin, S.L. 2011. The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Mongolian Revolution of 1921" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: See Thomas E. Ewing, "Revolution on the Chinese Frontier: Outer Mongolia in 1911", Journal of Asian History (Bloomington, Indiana, 1978), pp. 101–19. (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Mongolian Revolution of 1921" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ts. Puntsagnorov, Mongolyn avtonomit üyeiin tüükh [The history of Mongolian in the autonomous period], (Ulaanbaatar, 1955), p. 195. (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Mongolian Revolution of 1921" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: L. Bat-Ochir, D. Dashjamts, Damdiny Sukhe-Bator. Biografiya [Biography of Damdiny Sükhbaatar], (Moscow, 1971), p. 36. (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Mongolian Revolution of 1921 (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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