Revolutions of 1917–1923 Codexery

German October

Failed 1923 communist revolution plan in Weimar Germany.

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The plan was called off on 21 October after the KPD and ECCI leadership found no support.[1] The Executive Committee of the Communist International (ECCI) devised a scheme, referred to as the German October, aiming to establish a communist revolution within the Weimar Republic during October 1923.[1] Between October 23 and 25, an uprising occurred solely in Hamburg, resulting in 24 communist fatalities and 17 police deaths.[2]

Key facts and history

The Weimar Republic faced acute political and economic crises in 1923, including the occupation of the Ruhr and separatist unrest.[1] Belgian and French troops marched into the Ruhr area on January 11, 1923, because Germany failed to fulfill reparations obligations.[3] The Cuno government responded with a policy of "passive resistance".[4] The decision to attempt a communist revolution was made in Moscow, and the Comintern decided in favor of the German October in September.[5][6]

The KPD entered coalition governments with the SPD in Thuringia and Saxony to utilize state resources for the revolution.[1] The Reichswehr issued an ultimatum demanding the exclusion of Communists from these governments.[7] The Saxon government refused, and the Reichswehr deposed Prime Minister Erich Zeigner on October 29.[7][8] On September 26, 1923, a state of emergency was declared across Germany by Reich President Friedrich Ebert.[1]

Despite occurring concurrently, the Beer Hall Putsch is not regarded by historians as part of the German October.[9]

What the research sources say

Reinhard Sturm's account notes that the social democrats in Saxony and Thuringia believed a coalition with Communists would overcome enmity between the two workers' parties.[10] The Deutsches Historisches Museum records that Reichswehr troops marched into Saxony on October 21 and shot communists in various cities between October 21 and 27.[11][8] Sturm's account states that the Hamburg uprising's origins are unclear, possibly resulting from miscommunication or activist pressure.[10]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "German October" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Arnulf Scriba, "Der "deutsche Oktober" 1923", Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin, 2007-05-18 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "German October" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Arnulf Scriba, "Der "deutsche Oktober" 1923", Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin, 2007-05-18; Reinhard Sturm, "Kampf um die Republik 1919 - 1923", German Federal Agency for Civic Education, 2011-12-23; Reinhard Sturm, "Kampf um die Republik 1919 - 1923", German Federal Agency for Civic Education, 2011-12-23 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "German October" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Heinrich August Winkler: Geschichte des Westens. Die Zeit der Weltkriege 1914–1945. Beck, special edition of the BpB, Munich 2011, p. 303.; Reinhard Sturm, "Kampf um die Republik 1919 - 1923", German Federal Agency for Civic Education, 2011-12-23; Adam Tooze: The Deluge: The Great War, America and the Remaking of the Global Order, 1916–1931. Allen Lane, 2014. (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "German October" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Heinrich August Winkler: Geschichte des Westens. Die Zeit der Weltkriege 1914–1945. special edition, Munich 2011, p. 303f. (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "German October" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Winkler 1998, p. 214 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "German October" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Фосколо 2013, p. 50 – 51; Троцкий 1924, p. 221 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "German October" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Pryce, "The Reich Government versus Saxony, 1923: The Decision to Intervene", Central European History, June 1977, p. 112–147 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "German October" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Verordnung des Reichspräsidenten auf Grund des Artikel 48 Abs. 2 der Reichsverfassung, betreffend die zur Wiederherstellung der öffentlichen Sicherheit und Ordn; Arnulf Scriba, "Der "deutsche Oktober" 1923", Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin, 2007-05-18; Arnulf Scriba, "Der "deutsche Oktober" 1923", Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin, 2007-05-18 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Wikipedia, "German October" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Volker Ullrich, "Der Aufstand, der nicht stattfand", Die Zeit, 2003-12-11 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  10. Wikipedia, "German October" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Reinhard Sturm, "Kampf um die Republik 1919 - 1923", German Federal Agency for Civic Education, 2011-12-23 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  11. Arnulf Scriba, "Der "deutsche Oktober" 1923", Deutsches Historisches Museum, Berlin, 2007-05-18. facts only, no text reused. dhm.de

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article German October (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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