Revolutions of 1917–1923 Codexery

German revolution of 1918–1919

Revolution that ended the German Empire and founded the Weimar Republic.

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The revolution was sparked by war hardships, the Empire's defeat, and social tensions between the populace and the elite.[1] The November Revolution, occurring from 1918 into 1919, brought down the German Empire at World War I's conclusion and created the conditions for the Weimar Republic's establishment.[1]

Key facts and history

Serious weaknesses in Germany's social and political structures were exposed by World War I.[2] A mutiny among sailors was triggered by the 24 October 1918 naval order and the preparations to sail for a final battle.[3][4]

What the research sources say

The Kiel Mutiny account notes that the naval command abandoned the planned operation during the night of 29-30 October after sailors began a small-scale mutiny.[4] The same source states that workers in Kiel declared a solidarity strike drawing on a tradition of social unrest.[4] Gallus describes the revolution as beginning as a sailors' revolt and military strike that was initially almost bloodless.[5] Sturm reports that traveling sailor groups triggered a revolutionary wave that spread irresistibly within days.[6][7]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "German revolution of 1918–1919" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Schaaf, "Der Brockhaus Zeitgeschichte vom Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges bis zur Gegenwart", F.A. Brockhaus, 2003, p. 237; "Aus Politik und Zeitgeschichte Issues 28-53", Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 2004, p. 7 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "German revolution of 1918–1919" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ther, "Propaganda at Home (Germany)", 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 8 October 2014; Kruse, "Burgfrieden und Innenpolitik", Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 6 May 2013 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "German revolution of 1918–1919" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Jones, "Kiel Mutiny", 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 19 May 2016; Winkler 1993, p. 21 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Jones, "Kiel Mutiny", 1914–1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War, 19 May 2016. facts only, no text reused. encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net
  5. Gallus, "Die deutsche Revolution 1918/19", Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 13 September 2018. facts only, no text reused. bpb.de
  6. Sturm, "Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19", Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 23 December 2011. facts only, no text reused. bpb.de
  7. Sturm, "Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19", Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung, 23 December 2011. facts only, no text reused. bpb.de

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article German revolution of 1918–1919 (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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