Maria Malibran

Maria Felicia Malibran, born María Felicia García Sitches in Paris, was a Spanish singer who could handle both contralto and soprano roles, making her one of the 19th century’s most famous opera stars. She came from a well-known musical family: her mother, Joaquina Sitches, was an actress and singer, and her father, Manuel García, was a celebrated tenor admired by Rossini—he even created the role of Count Almaviva in *The Barber of Seville*. He also composed and taught voice, and he was her first teacher. Their lessons were marked by constant fights between two strong wills, as he was described as inflexible and tyrannical.

Malibran first appeared onstage at age eight in Naples, singing with her father in Ferdinando Paër’s *Agnese*. At 17, she sang in the choir of London’s King’s Theatre. When the prima donna Giuditta Pasta fell ill, García suggested his daughter take over as Rosina in *The Barber of Seville*. The audience loved her, and she kept singing the role for the rest of the season. After the season ended, García took his troupe—Maria, her brother Manuel, their mother Joaquina, and four-year-old sister Pauline (later famous as Pauline Viardot)—to New York. This was the first Italian opera performed in the city. Over nine months, Maria sang lead roles in eight operas, two written by her father. In New York, she hastily married banker Francois Eugene Malibran, 28 years her senior. Some say her father forced the marriage in exchange for 100,000 francs; others claim she married to escape her father. A few months later, her husband went bankrupt, and she supported him through performances. After a year, she left him and returned to Europe.

Back in Europe, she sang the title role at the premiere of Donizetti’s *Maria Stuarda*. The opera, based on Schiller’s play, portrayed Mary, Queen of Scots sympathetically, so censors demanded changes—which Malibran often ignored. The Royal Conservatory of Brussels library holds colorful costume sketches she made for the production, showing her hidden drawing talent. She began a relationship with Belgian violinist Charles Auguste de Bériot, living with him for six years as a common-law couple. They had a child in 1833 (piano teacher Charles-Wilfrid de Bériot), and she eventually got an annulment from Malibran. Felix Mendelssohn wrote an aria with solo violin for the couple. She performed at the Paris Opera and other major houses, and in Paris she met and sang with Michael Balfe.

In 1834, she moved to England, performing in London and across Europe. In Venice, she sang Bellini’s *La sonnambula* on 8 April 1835, donating her performance to the run-down Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo, which was restored and renamed Teatro Malibran; she was hailed as its patroness. In late May 1836, she starred in *The Maid of Artois*, written for her by Balfe. Earlier that year, she had returned to Milan to sing the title role in Vaccai’s *Giovanna Gray*. On 5 July 1836, while horse riding with Lord William Lennox, she fell and suffered injuries she never recovered from. She refused to see a doctor and kept performing. In September 1836, she took part in a music festival at Manchester Cathedral and the Theatre Royal on Fountain Street. She collapsed onstage while doing encores at the theatre but insisted on singing in the church the next morning. She died after a week of agony, attended by her private physician. After a public funeral, her body was temporarily buried in the church, then moved to a mausoleum in Laeken Cemetery, near Brussels. The Royal Conservatory of Brussels library holds her death mask, a four-page funeral report from Dr. Belluomini, and permission from Manchester authorities to transfer her body.

Malibran is most closely tied to Rossini’s operas. He praised her, calling her a wonderful creature with disconcerting musical genius who surpassed all imitators and outshone other women with her superior mind, broad knowledge, and fiery temperament. She sang the title roles in his *Tancredi* and *Otello*—apparently playing both Desdemona and Otello—as well as roles in *Il turco in Italia*, *La Cenerentola*, and *Semiramide* (both Arsace and the title role). She also performed in Meyerbeer’s *Il crociato in Egitto* in Paris in September 1825, an opera Rossini introduced to the French capital, which launched Meyerbeer’s European reputation.