Bumin Qaghan
Founder of the First Turkic Khaganate and rebel against Rouran rule.
He is also mentioned as Tumen in Chinese historical records.[1] The First Turkic Khaganate was established by Bumin Qaghan, whose death occurred in 552 AD.[2] Illig Qaghan was the regnal title held by Bumin.[3]
Quick Facts
- Reign
- 552
- Coronation
- 552 in Altai Mountains
- Regnal name
- Illig Qaghan (伊利可汗)
- Successor
- Issik Qaghan
- Spouse
- Unknown wives, Princess Changle (551)
- Issue
- Issik Qaghan
- Muqan Qaghan
- Taspar Qaghan
- Royal house
- Ashina
- Father
- Ashina Tuwu
Facts from the source article.
Life and work
Bumin was the eldest son of Ashina Tuwu and served as chieftain of the Turks under Rouran sovereignty.[3] In 545 his tribe began rising and frequently invaded the western frontier of Wei.[4] Bumin paid tribute to Western Wei in 546 and later suppressed a Tiele revolt, accepting over 50,000 surrendered households.[4] After this victory, Bumin requested a Rouran princess for marriage but was refused and insulted as a "blacksmith slave" by Khagan Yujiulü Anagui.[5]
Bumin killed Anagui's emissary, severed relations, and led a revolt against the Rouran.[5][6] In 551 he married Princess Changle of Western Wei after requesting her.[7] Bumin died within months of his proclamation, possibly from war injuries, and his brother Istämi ruled the western portions.[8] After Bumin's forces defeated the army of Anagui in February or March 552, Anagui took his own life, and Bumin then declared himself Illig Qaghan.[9]
What the cited sources add
Turcologist Rui Chuanming theorized the name "Bumin" may have been introduced to China by Sogdians and translated as "Tu-men"[10] A 2023 genetic analysis of Bumin's granddaughter Empress Ashina found nearly exclusively Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry, supporting a cultural diffusion model for Turkic language spread.[11] Volker Rybatzki, a Turcologist, proposed that "Bumin" can be broken down into a root bum- and a suffix -in when examined from an Iranian linguistic viewpoint.[1]
References
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Rybatzki, "Titles of Türk and Uigur Rulers in the Old Turkic Inscriptions", Central Asiatic Journal, 2000, p. 205–292 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG" (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ouyang, "New Book of Tang"; Ma, "突厥人和突厥汗國", SPPH, 1957, p. 10–11; Chen, "中國通史", Wunan Book Publishing, 2002, p. 155; Gao, "X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler", Turkish Historical Society, 1991, p. 731; Oğuz, "Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri", İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147; "Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 in Secret History of the Mongols, Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbol; Beckwith, "Empires of the Silk Ro en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Rong, "世紀的北中國與歐亞大陸", China Science Publishing & Media, 2006, p. 128–139; Li, "History of the Northern Dynasties"; Sima, "Zizhi Tongjian"; Sima, "Zizhi Tongjian"; Cen 1958, p. 892; Sima, "Zizhi Tongjian" (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Li, "History of the Northern Dynasties"; Linghu, "Book of Zhou"; Sima, "Zizhi Tongjian"; Beckwith, "Empires of the Silk Road: a history of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the present", Princeton University Press, 2009, p. 9 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ma, "突厥人和突厥汗國", SPPH, 1957, p. 10–11; Chen, "中國通史", Wunan Book Publishing, 2002, p. 155; Gao, "X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler", Turkish Historical Society, 1991, p. 731; Oğuz, "Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri", İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147; Perry, "Essays on Tʻang Society: The Interplay of Social, Political and Economic Forces", Brill Archive, 1976, p. 65 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Li, "History of the Northern Dynasties"; Linghu, "Book of Zhou"; Sima, "Zizhi Tongjian"; Li, "History of the Northern Dynasties"; Linghu, "Book of Zhou" (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "History of Civilizations of Central Asia", UNESCO, 2006, p. 327; Xue, "突厥史", Chinese Social Sciences Press, 1992, p. 88; "Archivum Ottomanicum", Mouton., 2009, p. 68, 69 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Linghu, "Book of Zhou"; Linghu, "Book of Zhou"; Erdal, "Die türkisch-mongolischen Titel elxan und elči", Altaica Berolinensia. Asiatische Forschungen, p. 81–99; Rybatzki, "Titles of Türk and Uigur Rulers in the Old Turkic Inscriptions", Central Asiatic Journal, 2000, p. 205–292; "Kultegin's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG"; "Bilge kagan's Memorial Complex, TÜRIK BITIG" (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Rui 2017, p. 204; Rui 2017, p. 204 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Bumin Qaghan" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Yang, "Ancient Genome of Empress Ashina reveals the Northeast Asian origin of Göktürk Khanate", Journal of Systematics and Evolution, 2023-01-09, p. 1056–1064 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Bumin Qaghan (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.
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