Volk
The German word for 'people,' central to national identity and political slogans.
Volk is a German noun (pronounced [fɔlk]) that translates to 'people,' both in the uncountable sense of a crowd and the countable sense (plural Völker) of an ethnic group or nation, comparable to the English term 'folk.' In English-language contexts, the word is of interest primarily for its use in German philosophy, as in Volksseele ('national soul'), and in German nationalism—notably the derived adjective völkisch ('national, ethnic').
Lore & Background
Volk is the cognate of English 'folk' and overlaps in usage, as in Volksmusik ('folk music') and Volksglaube ('folk belief'). In the 18th century, German Volk was mostly reserved for 'crowd' or 'mass of the population,' while 'a people' or 'a nation' was expressed by the Latinism Nation. Use of Nation in this sense was replaced by Volk after 1800, explicitly in the context of emergent German nationalism. Compounds where Volk- translates to 'populace' or 'nation' include Volksentscheid (plebiscite, literally 'decision of/by the people') and Völkerbund (League of Nations). The somewhat obsolete meaning of the common people, hoi polloi, working class is visible in the brand name Volkswagen ('people's car'), historically a name chosen by the German Labour Front in 1937 for a car designed to be affordable to the 'common man.' In contrast to German Volk being elevated to the sense of 'nation' in the early 19th century, English 'folk' came to be seen as inelegant at around the same time, being mostly replaced by the latinate 'people.' It re-entered formal or academic English only through the invention of the word 'folklore,' coined in 1846 by William J. Thoms as an Anglo-Saxonism. This word revived 'folk' in a modern sense of 'of the common people, whose culture is handed down orally,' and opened up a flood of compound formations, e.g., folk art (1921), folk-hero (1899), folk-medicine (1898), folk-tale (1891), folk-song (1847), folk-music (1889), folk-dance (1912).
Reader's Guide
Adolf Hitler in Mein Kampf denounced usage of the word völkisch as he considered it too vague as to carry any recognizable meaning due to former over-use, although he used it often, especially in connection with ethnic Germans or Volksdeutsche. During the Third Reich era, the term Volk became heavily used in nationalistic political slogans, particularly in slogans such as Volk ohne Raum – '(a) people or race without space' or Völkischer Beobachter ('popular or racial observer'), an NSDAP party newspaper. Also the political slogan Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein Führer ('One nation, one realm, one leader'); the compound word Herrenvolk, translated as 'master race'; the 'Volksjäger' jet fighter, translated as 'people's fighter'; and the term Volksgemeinschaft, translated as 'people's community.' The term Volk, in the vision of Nazis, had a broad set of meanings, and referred sometimes to the entirety of German nation and other times to the Nordic race. In the writings of leading Nazi thinkers, such as Alfred Rosenberg and Hans Günther several Völker or 'peoples' made up a Rasse or 'race,' so these two terms did not always denote the same concept. Unlike the adjective völkisch, which became associated with German nationalism, the German noun Volk remains the unmarked term for 'a people' or 'nation' (while its older meanings of 'a crowd of people' or 'commoners' are less current). The Reichstag building retains its dedication, inscribed in 1916, reading dem deutschen Volke ('to the German people'). While Volk suggests an ethnic group or nation, the term Bevölkerung is used in the sense of 'populace, resident population.' The term Volksdeutsche for 'ethnic Germans' retains some usage but is increasingly replaced by Deutschstämmige ('[people] of German descent'). In composition, Volks- retains the meaning 'of/for the common people,' after the pattern of Volkswagen, sometimes used humorously in advertising (as in Volks-Zahnbürste 'people's toothbrush'). 'Wir sind das Volk!' ('We are the people!') was a chant used by the Monday demonstrators during the peaceful demonstrations of 1989/1990 to end the GDR and bring down the Berlin Wall. The slogan meant that the 'simple people' would no longer endure the dictatorship, and wanted to reform the political system of the GDR. It did not necessarily express support for the idea of a reunification. However, the slogan was also altered to 'Wir sind ein Volk!' ('We are one people') during the course of the protests, indicating the ethnic meaning of Volk, where the division of Germany was regarded as unjust because of the common ethnic identity of all Germans. In 2015 the slogan 'Wir sind das Volk' became popular again among members of PEGIDA (a nationalist movement), and various groups that claimed to stand in the tradition of Monday Demonstrations. Here, however, the ethnic connotation of 'Volk' quickly became obvious. While the slogan 'Wir sind ein Volk' was no longer in use since the reunification, the slogan 'Wir sind das Volk' was given a new meaning. Now the word 'Wir' was used by right wing protesters to refer to themselves, in order to distinguish from migrants and so-called 'Gutmenschen,' Germans that supported refugees. After Chancellor Angela Merkel decided to give shelter to a growing number of refugees, especially from Syria, in 2015, right wing groups as well as more modest movements, that were referred to by the media as 'the concerned citizens,' started to use the slogan. They wanted to indicate that, according to their beliefs, the Volk (meaning only ethnic Germans) should have more rights than immigrants and especially refugees. The similarity to the National Socialist Volk conception was pointed out by various media. The protesters also made references to the protests against the dictatorship of the GDR, since they regarded it as their right to decide whether the state should give shelter to refugees or not. This, however, is a constitutional right in Germany for '[p]ersons persecuted on political grounds' that can not be changed unless the constitution is changed with a two-thirds majority in both houses of the parliament; however, asylum seekers who enter 'from a member state of the European Communities' already have no constitutional right to asylum. The term Volk was translated into minzoku (Kanji: 民族, lit: people; ethnic group) by Japan in the Meiji Era. Throughout the period of the Empire of Japan, these word were used frequently, especially minzoku to indicate the superiority of the 'Yamato race.' These word are not often used in Japan today, but they are used by some right-wing conservative and Japanese nationalist politicians. Taro Aso has called Japan a 'one race' or 'one minzoku.' 民族 greatly influenced the nationalism (mainly romantic nationalism).
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