Kazachok

Scientific instruments

The Kazachok lander's scientific payload, with a mass of about 45 kg, was led by Roscosmos and included two European instruments plus European contributions to four Russian-led instruments. The Lander Radioscience experiment (LaRa), developed by Belgium, would have studied Mars' internal structure and the sublimation/condensation cycle of atmospheric CO2 by measuring two-way Doppler frequency shifts between the lander and Earth, also detecting angular momentum variations from mass redistribution such as polar ice migration. The Habitability, Brine, Irradiation and Temperature (HABIT) package, developed by Sweden, was to investigate atmospheric water vapour, daily and seasonal ground and air temperature variations, and UV radiation. The Russian-led Meteorological package (MTK) incorporated pressure and humidity sensors from Finland with heritage from the Curiosity rover, Schiaparelli lander and Phoenix lander; a meteorological boom with atmospheric temperature, solar irradiance, dust, humidity and wind sensors; an Anisotropic Magneto-Resistance sensor from Spain; an Optical Depth Sensor; a microphone; a descent and landing unit for atmospheric temperature and pressure; a high atmosphere unit for acceleration and angular rate; and an upward-looking LIDAR. The magnetometer package (MAIGRET) included a fluxgate unit and a Wave Analyser Module from the Czech Republic. A set of four cameras (TSPP) would characterise the landing site. An IR Fourier spectrometer (FAST) was to study the atmosphere. The Active Detection of Radiation of Nuclei-ExoMars (ADRON-EM) included a pulsed neutron generator and a radiation dosimeter from Bulgaria. A Multi-channel Diode-Laser Spectrometer (M-DLS) was intended for atmospheric investigations.