Julius Caesar

Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic.

Gaius Julius Caesar was born into a patrician family on 12 or 13 July 100 BC.^[1] Many historians rank Caesar among history's foremost military commanders.^[2] The name Caesar became a title for emperors, from which Kaiser and Tsar are derived.^[2]

Quick Facts

Born

12 or 13 July 100 BC

Birthplace

Suburra, Rome

Died

15 March 44 BC (aged 55)

Place of death

Theatre of Pompey, Rome

Cause of death

Assassination (stab wounds)

Occupation

Politician
soldier
author

Notable works

Bellum Gallicum
la
Bellum Civile

Partner

Cleopatra VII (mistress)

Facts from the source article.

Life and work

He was named flamen Dialis and married Cinna's daughter Cornelia during Cinna's dominance.^[3] He then served on the staff of the governor of Asia and won the civic crown at the Siege of Mytilene.^[4] Caesar was co-opted into the pontifices in 73 BC while absent from Rome.^[5] He served as curule aedile in 65 BC and staged lavish games that won popular support.^[6]

Caesar crossed the Rubicon around 10 or 11 January 49 BC with a single legion, igniting civil war.^[7] In 63 BC, Caesar was elected pontifex maximus, the highest religious office in the state.^[8][9] Caesar authored his Commentaries during the Gallic Wars, a work recognized as a masterpiece of Latin literature.^[10]

What the cited sources add

The Open Library record for ISBN 9781598844306 lists "Battles that changed history", published by ABC-CLIO in 2011, with 655 pages.^[11] The Open Library record for ISBN 9782728300945 lists "Les proscriptions de la Rome républicaine", published by Ecole française de Rome, Diffusion de Boccard in 1985, with 605 pages.^[12] The Open Library record for ISBN 9780198149040 lists "Plutarch Caesar", published by Oxford University Press in 2011, with 519 pages.^[13]

References

Wikipedia, "Julius Caesar" (CC BY-SA 4.0) en.wikipedia.org
Wikipedia, "Julius Caesar" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Tucker, "Battles That Changed History: An Encyclopedia of World Conflict", ABC-CLIO, 2010, p. 68 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
Wikipedia, "Julius Caesar" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Badian 2009, p. 16 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
Wikipedia, "Julius Caesar" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Badian 2009, p. 16; ; ; . (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
Wikipedia, "Julius Caesar" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Goldsworthy 2006, p. 32–33; ; ; (pontificate); and (military tribunate).; , citing .; Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 35; ; (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
Wikipedia, "Julius Caesar" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Mouritsen, "Plebs and politics in the late Roman Republic", Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 97}} See also {{harvnb; Broughton 1952, p. 158; Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 35; Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 35 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
Wikipedia, "Julius Caesar" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Beard, "SPQR: a history of ancient Rome", W W Norton, 2016, p. 286; Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 35; Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 35 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
Wikipedia, "Julius Caesar" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: {{harvnb|Morstein-Marx|2021|pp=64, 64 n. 129|ps=, noting that it is not clear which election was first; it is more likely, however, that elections were late and (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
Wikipedia, "Julius Caesar" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: ; , citing ; ; .; Morstein-Marx 2021, p. 35; Gruen 1995, p. 79–80 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
Wikipedia, "Julius Caesar" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Goldsworthy 2006, p. 32–33; Goldsworthy 2006, p. 32–33; Goldsworthy 2006, p. 32–33 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
Open Library record, ISBN 9781598844306 ("Battles that changed history"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
Open Library record, ISBN 9782728300945 ("Les proscriptions de la Rome républicaine"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
Open Library record, ISBN 9780198149040 ("Plutarch Caesar"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Julius Caesar (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.