Ahmad Shah Massoud
Lion of Panjshir
Ahmad Shah Massoud was born around 1953 in the Panjshir Valley to an ethnic Tajik family and took the name 'Massoud' as a nom de guerre in 1974.[1] By 1989, Massoud's resistance forces had grown to 13,000 fighters, having started in 1980 with fewer than 1,000 poorly equipped guerrillas.[2] Among all the various Afghan resistance movements, Massoud's forces were regarded as the most effective.[3]
Quick Facts
- Office
- Minister of Defense of Afghanistan
- Took office
- 28 April 1992
- Left office
- 9 September 2001(In opposition to the Taliban from 27 September 1996)
- President
- Burhanuddin Rabbani
- Predecessor
- Aslam Watanjar
- Successor
- Muhammad Fahim
- Born
- c. 1953
- Died
- 9 September 2001
Facts from the source article.
Life and work
On 6 July 1979 he started an insurrection in the Panjshir, which initially failed, then shifted to guerrilla warfare and took full control of the valley.[4] In 1983 Massoud accepted a temporary truce and used it to create the Shura-e Nazar, uniting 130 commanders from 12 provinces.[5] He funded his operations through exports of emeralds and lapis lazuli from northern Afghanistan.[6]
What the cited sources add
The Open Library record for ISBN 9780743217781 confirms that the book "MI6" was published by Free Press in 2002, a source cited for Britain's MI6 support to Massoud.[7][8] The Open Library record for ISBN 9781586487812 confirms that "The wars of Afghanistan" was published by PublicAffairs in 2011, a source cited for the peace and power-sharing agreement of 1992.[9][10]
References
- Wikipedia, "Ahmad Shah Massoud" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Barry 2002, p. 56; Gall 2021, p. 20–22; Gall 2021, p. 20–22; Barry 2002, p. 56; Gall 2021, p. 20–22 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Ahmad Shah Massoud" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: van Voorst, "Afghanistan: The bear descends on the lion", Time, May 7, 1984; Isby 1989, p. 107 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Ahmad Shah Massoud" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Roy 1990, p. 95 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Ahmad Shah Massoud" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Gall 2021, p. 20–22; Isby 1989, p. 107; Gall 2021, p. 20–22; Roy 1990, p. 95 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Ahmad Shah Massoud" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Barry 2002, p. 56 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Ahmad Shah Massoud" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Emeralds of the Panjshir valley, Afghanistan", www.gems-afghan.com, 1991; "Le pouvoir des seigneurs de guerre et la situation sécuritaire en Afghanistan", commission-refugies.fr (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Open Library record, ISBN 9780743217781 ("MI6"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
- Wikipedia, "Ahmad Shah Massoud" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Dorril, "MI6: Inside the Covert World of Her Majesty's Secret Intelligence Service", Simon & Schuster, 2002, p. 752; Phillips, James A. (May 18, 1992). , Heritage Foundation Backgrounder #181. (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Open Library record, ISBN 9781586487812 ("The wars of Afghanistan"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
- Wikipedia, "Ahmad Shah Massoud" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Saikal 2004, p. 214; Tomsen, "The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers", PublicAffairs, 2011 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Ahmad Shah Massoud (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.
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