Asian & Middle Eastern Monarchs & Strongmen Codexery

Heydar Aliyev

Former Soviet politburo member and President of Azerbaijan who built an autocratic system and a lasting cult of personality.

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Heydar Aliyev was an Azerbaijani politician who served as a Soviet party boss and later as the third president of Azerbaijan from 1993 to 2003.[1] A personality cult surrounding Aliyev persisted even following his 2003 death.[2]

Life and work

According to his official biography, Aliyev was born on 10 May 1923 in Nakhchivan.[3] Aliyev was elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Azerbaijan Communist Party on 12 July 1969.[4] Aliyev's education included graduating from the Nakhchivan Pedagogical School, after which he studied architecture at what is now the Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University from 1939 until 1941.[5] Aliyev was made a non-voting member of the Soviet Politburo in 1976, and in December 1982 he was elevated to full membership.[6]

Mikhail Gorbachev removed Aliyev from his posts in 1987, with the official reason being his health, though they had clashed over Gorbachev's anti-corruption efforts.[7] Following a 1993 military coup that removed President Abulfaz Elchibey, Aliyev was placed into the presidency.[8] Aliyev passed away on 12 December 2003 at the Cleveland Clinic.[9]

What the cited sources add

The official presidential biography states that Aliyev graduated from the USSR State Security Committee's Senior Staff Training School in Leningrad in 1949-1950.[10] According to the eurasianet.org biography, Aliyev demonstratively resigned from the Communist Party to protest the January 1990 Soviet military intervention in Baku.[11] The same library notes that Azerbaijan became a full member of the Council of Europe on 25 January 2001.[12] The BBC News obituary states that Aliyev's record on human rights and media freedom was often criticised in the West.[13]

The same source indicates that in 1957 he completed a history degree at Azerbaijan State University.[10]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Heydar Aliyev" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Heydar Aliyev biography" (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Heydar Aliyev" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: The Two Faces of Azerbaijan's Mr. Aliyev // The New York Times, 11 January 2015; Hans Slomp. Europe, A Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics: An American Companion to European Politics. ABC-CLIO, 2011. , 9780313391811; FranCoise Companjen, Laszlo Maracz, Lia Versteegh. Exploring the Caucasus in the 21st Century: Essays on Culture, History and Politics in a Dynamic Context. Ams; Thomas Goltz. Azerbaijan Diary: A Rogue Reporter's Adventures in an Oil-Rich, War-Torn, Post-Soviet Republic. M.E. Sharpe, 1999. , 97807656 en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Heydar Aliyev" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "In Armenia, Azerbaijani Leader's Ancestral Village Lies Abandoned", Eurasianet, 2018; "Armenian Tanahat (Jomartlou); The Native Village of Haydar Aliyev", ANI Armenian Research Center, 10 May 2015; "Heidar Aliev: A Political Colossus", iwpr.net; De Waal, "Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War", New York University Press, 2003, p. 306; "In Armenia, Azerbaijani Leader's Ancestral Village Lies Abandoned", Eurasianet, 2018; "Heidar Aliev: A Political Colossus", iwpr.net; "Armenian Tanahat (Jomartlou); The Native Village en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Heydar Aliyev" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev", en.president.az; Richard Sakwa. Soviet Politics in Perspective, Routledge, 1998, , p. 71; Bernard Anthony Cook. Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, 2001, , p. 70; "A Soviet Politician's Rise: Talent and Guile Pay Off", Washington Post, 1984; Cornell, "Azerbaijan Since Independence", Routledge, 2015, p. 42–43 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Heydar Aliyev" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Biography", Heydar Aliyev Center; Earley, "Comrade J: The Untold Secrets of Russia's Master Spy in America After the End of the Cold War", Penguin Books, 2008, p. 200; "Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev", en.president.az (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Heydar Aliyev" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Perkin, "The Third Revolution: Professional Elites in the Modern World", Routledge, 1996, p. 204; Alexander Hopkins McDannald. The Americana Annual: An Encyclopedia of Current Events, Americana Corporation, 1983, p. 524; "Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev", en.president.az (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Heydar Aliyev" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Roger East, Richard Thomas, Alan John Day. A Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe, Routledge, 2002, , p. 34; "Azerbaijan: Biography Of Deceased Former President Heidar Aliyev", eurasianet.org, 14 December 2003; Ray, "Forged in fire: the making of an investigative reporter - Corruptistan", OCCRP; "In Armenia, Azerbaijani Leader's Ancestral Village Lies Abandoned", Eurasianet, 2018; Lewis, "H.A. Aliyev, K.G.B. Officer And Azeri Leader, 80, Dies", The New York Times, 2003-12-13; Brennan, "Heydar Aliev", The Guardian, 2003-12-1 en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Heydar Aliyev" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Freedom in the World 2009 - Azerbaijan", Freedom House, 2009; "Freedom in the World 2009 - Azerbaijan", Freedom House, 2009; Schedler, "The Politics of Uncertainty: Sustaining and Subverting Electoral Authoritarianism", Oxford University Press, 2013, p. 399; Waal, "The Caucasus: An Introduction", Oxford University Press, 2018, p. 127; Altstadt, "Conflict, Cleavage, and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus", Cambridge University Press, 1997, p. 110–155 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Heydar Aliyev" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Former Azerbaijan president dies", BBC News, 2003-12-12 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  10. "Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev", en.president.az. facts only, no text reused. en.president.az
  11. "Azerbaijan: Biography Of Deceased Former President Heidar Aliyev", eurasianet.org, 14 December 2003. facts only, no text reused. eurasianet.org
  12. "Azerbaijan - Council of Europe", lib.aliyevheritage.org. facts only, no text reused. lib.aliyevheritage.org
  13. "Former Azerbaijan president dies", BBC News, 2003-12-12. facts only, no text reused. news.bbc.co.uk

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Heydar Aliyev (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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