African Independence Leaders & Post-Colonial Figures Codexery

Hosni Mubarak

Egyptian president who resigned after the 2011 revolution.

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Hosni Mubarak

via Wikipedia: President of Egypt · see source

From 1981 until his resignation in 2011, Hosni Mubarak, a military officer and politician, was Egypt's fourth president.[1] Mubarak secured his position through referendums in 1987, 1993, and 1999, and in 2005 oversaw Egypt's initial multi-party presidential election.[2][3]

Life and work

He joined the Air Force Academy in February 1949 and graduated as a pilot officer on 13 March 1950.[4] He became commander of the Egyptian Air Force and Deputy Minister of Defense in 1972.[5] President Anwar Sadat appointed Mubarak Vice President of Egypt in April 1975.[6] Mubarak was injured during the assassination of President Sadat in October 1981 and then became the fourth president of Egypt.[7]

Mubarak's birthplace was Kafr El-Meselha in the Monufia Governorate, and his birth date was 4 May 1928.[8] Between February 1959 and June 1961, Mubarak received instruction in the Soviet Union on the Il-28 and Tu-16 jet bombers.[4][9] A place at Moscow's Frunze Military Academy was obtained by Mubarak in 1964.[9] On 6 October 1973, the Egyptian Air Force, under Mubarak's command, initiated a surprise assault on Israeli forces; the following year he was elevated to Air Chief Marshal.[5]

What the cited sources add

The Egyptian Armed Forces website states that Mubarak served as commander of the West-Cairo Air Base in 1966 and became Air Academy commander on 7 November 1967.[4] A Christian Science Monitor profile from October 1981 notes that Mubarak worked an average of 16 hours every day and emphasized discipline and self-restraint.[10] The same profile reports that Mubarak established a friendship with Saudi Crown Prince Fahd, whom Sadat had refused to meet.[10] A BBC profile from 2017 states that Mubarak was sworn in as president on 14 October 1981, eight days after Sadat's assassination.[11]

The BBC also notes that Mubarak ruled as a quasi-military leader when he took power and that the government argued the draconian regime was necessary to combat Islamist terrorism.[11]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Hosni Mubarak" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Air Marshal Mohammed Hosni Mubarak", Egyptian Armed Forces Web Site (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Hosni Mubarak" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Profile: Hosni Mubarak", BBC News, 24 March 2017 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Hosni Mubarak" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Bradley, "Inside Egypt: The Land of the Pharaohs on the Brink of a Revolution", Macmillan, 18 August 2009, p. 162 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  4. "Air Marshal Mohammed Hosni Mubarak", Egyptian Armed Forces Web Site. facts only, no text reused. web.archive.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Hosni Mubarak" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: CNN Library, Hosni Mubarak Fast Facts. 31 May 2014; "Air Marshal Mohammed Hosni Mubarak", Egyptian Armed Forces Web Site; de Borchgrave, "The Mubarak legend – Longtime strongman can't withstand media barrage", The Washington Times, 2 February 2011; "Middle East factfile: Key figures", The Daily Telegraph, 15 January 2002; "كتابات مصراوي – هيكل يفجر قنبلة مدوية حول لغز بقاء مبارك بشرم الشيخ", Masrawy, 21 February 2011 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Hosni Mubarak" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: El-Tablawy, "Egypt's Hosni Mubarak, 'pharaoh' president ousted during Arab Spring, dies at 91", Fortune; "Eilts to Kissinger, July 22, 1975"; "Eilts to Kissinger, September 3, 1975"; "Hermann Eilts (US Ambassador to Egypt) to Henry Kissinger, September 5, 1975"; Olfat M. El Tohamy, "Egypt's Hosni Mubarak picks up Sadat's reins: profile", The Christian Science Monitor, 14 October 1981, p. 2; Olfat M. El Tohamy, "Egypt's Hosni Mubarak picks up Sadat's reins: profile", The Christian Science Monitor, 14 October 1981, p. 2 (we a en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Hosni Mubarak" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Ajami, "The Cop on the Banks of the Nile", The Wall Street Journal, 26 July 2010; Orbach, "Tyrannicide in Radical Islam: The Case of Sayyid Qutb and Abd al-Salam Faraj", Middle Eastern Studies, November 2012, p. 961–972; "Sadat Assassins are Executed", The Herald, 16 April 1982 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Hosni Mubarak" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Profile: Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak", Xinhua News, 10 February 2010; "Air Marshal Mohammed Hosni Mubarak", Egyptian Armed Forces Web Site; "Hosni Mubarak (1928–2020): The rise and fall of Egypt's longest-ruling president", Mada, 25 February 2020 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Hosni Mubarak" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Air Marshal Mohammed Hosni Mubarak", Egyptian Armed Forces Web Site; "Staff Group Captain Mohammed Hosni Mubarak", Egyptian Armed Forces Web Site; "Hosni Mubarak (1928–2020): The rise and fall of Egypt's longest-ruling president", Mada, 25 February 2020 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  10. Olfat M. El Tohamy, "Egypt's Hosni Mubarak picks up Sadat's reins: profile", The Christian Science Monitor, 14 October 1981, p. 2. facts only, no text reused. csmonitor.com
  11. "Profile: Hosni Mubarak", BBC News, 24 March 2017. facts only, no text reused. bbc.com

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Hosni Mubarak (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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