Australia

Lore & Background

The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from Southeast Asia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Period. By the time of British settlement, Aboriginal Australians spoke more than 250 distinct languages and had one of the oldest living cultures in the world. Australia's written history commenced with Dutch exploration of most of the coastline in the 17th century. British colonisation began in 1788 with the establishment of the penal colony of New South Wales. By the mid-19th century, most of the continent had been explored by European settlers and five additional self-governing British colonies were established, each gaining responsible government by 1890. The colonies federated in 1901, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. This continued a process of increasing autonomy from the United Kingdom, highlighted by the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942, and culminating in the Australia Act 1986.

In Their Own Story

The crimson dust of the Outback settled on worn boots as a traveler stood before Uluru, watching the monolith bleed from deep ochre to burning violet under the dying sun. A distant didgeridoo vibrated through the dry air, an ancient hum connecting the moment to Dreaming stories whispered by elders for millennia. To the east, the Great Barrier Reef pulsed with invisible life beneath the waves, while Sydney and Melbourne buzzed with a different rhythm—where glass skyscrapers cast long shadows over historic pubs, and the past constantly negotiated its place alongside the future.

Reader's Guide

Australia is a parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarchy, and a federation comprising six states and ten territories. Its population of almost 29 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard. Canberra is the nation's capital, while its most populous cities are Sydney and Melbourne, each with a population of more than five million. Australia's culture is diverse, and the country has one of the highest foreign-born populations in the world. It has a highly developed economy and one of the highest per capita incomes globally. Its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade relations are crucial to the country's economy. It ranks highly for quality of life, health, education, economic freedom, civil liberties and political rights.

Did You Know?

• The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis Incognita ('unknown southern land').
• Aboriginal Australian culture is one of the oldest continuous cultures on Earth.
• Australia is a member of the United Nations, the G20, the OECD, the World Trade Organization, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Islands Forum, the Pacific Community and the Commonwealth of Nations.
• Australia also participates in the defence, intelligence and security alliances ANZUS, AUKUS and Five Eyes.