Kyrgyzstan

Lore & Background

Kyrgyzstan's history spans a variety of cultures and empires. Although geographically isolated by its highly mountainous terrain, Kyrgyzstan has been at the crossroads of several civilizations as part of the Silk Road along with other commercial routes. Inhabited by a succession of tribes and clans, Kyrgyzstan has periodically fallen under larger domination, e.g., the Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states. In the 13th century it was conquered by the Mongol Empire and under several Mongol dynasties; it regained independence but was invaded by the Dzungar Khanate. After the Dzungar genocide by the Qing dynasty in the 1750s, parts of the region came under Qing control, while the Kokand Khanate had already begun exerting influence over the Kyrgyz area earlier in the 18th century. In 1876, Kyrgyzstan became part of the Russian Empire, and in 1936 the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic was formed to become a constituent republic of the Soviet Union. Following Mikhail Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 Askar Akayev was elected president by the Supreme Soviet as a compromise figure. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from the USSR, and a democratic government was established. Kyrgyzstan attained sovereignty as a nation state after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991. After independence, Kyrgyzstan was officially a unitary presidential republic. Following the Tulip Revolution in 2005, the country remained a presidential republic until constitutional changes after a second revolution in 2010, when it became a parliamentary republic; however, it gradually developed an executive president and was governed as a semi-presidential republic before reverting to a presidential system in 2021. Throughout its existence, the country has continued to endure ethnic conflicts, revolts, economic troubles, transitional governments and political conflict.

Reader's Guide

Kyrgyzstan is a member of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Eurasian Economic Union, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Organization of Turkic States, the Türksoy community, and the United Nations. It is a developing country ranked 117th in the Human Development Index. The transition economy relies mainly on re-exporting Chinese goods and gold production. The country balances its international trade commitments as a World Trade Organization member since 1998 with regional integration through the Eurasian Economic Union, which it joined in 2015, and a delegation of parliamentarians sit at the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.

Did You Know?

• The 40-ray sun on the flag of Kyrgyzstan is a reference to the 40 tribes of Manas, and the graphical element in the sun's center depicts the wooden crown, called tunduk, of a yurt.
• The Epic of Manas, a storytelling tradition about a warrior who unified scattered tribes in the 9th century, is an element of the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage List.
• Issyk-Kul Lake was a stopover on the Silk Road, a land route for traders from the Far East to Europe.