Roughtail stingray (Bathytoshia centroura)

Classification (WoRMS)

Full classification as recorded by WoRMS: Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Elasmobranchii · Order: Myliobatiformes · Family: Dasyatidae · Genus: Bathytoshia.

Accepted name: Bathytoshia centroura · Authority: (Mitchill, 1815) · Taxonomic status: accepted · AphiaID: 1017389.

Synonyms and superseded combinations recorded for this taxon: Dasyatis aspera (Cuvier, 1816); Dasyatis brucco (Bonaparte, 1834); Dasyatis centroura (Mitchill, 1815); Dasybatus marinus Garman, 1913; Pastinaca acanthura Gronow, 1854; Pastinaca aspera Cuvier, 1816; Raia gesneri Cuvier, 1829; Raja centroura Mitchill, 1815; Trygon aldrovandi Risso, 1827; Trygon brucco Bonaparte, 1834; Trygon centrura (Mitchill, 1815); Trygon spinosissima Duméril, 1865; Trygon thalassia Müller & Henle, 1841.

Source: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) — https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1017389 (CC BY 4.0). Accessed 2026-09-23.

Biology and life history (FishBase)

Measured values published by FishBase for Bathytoshia centroura. Only fields the database actually holds for this species are shown; these are database values, not aquarium guidance.

Maximum length: 300 cm · Common length: 125 cm · Depth range: 3–270 m · Habitat zone: demersal · Body shape: other · Vulnerability index: 90 of 100 · Fishery importance: minor commercial · Aquarium trade: never/rarely.

FishBase notes: Dasyatis centroura is a coastal species (Ref. 81259), found over sandy and muddy bottoms (Ref. 3169). It feeds on bottom-living invertebrates and fishes (Ref. 3169). Ovoviviparous (Ref. 6901). Wings marketed fresh, smoked, dried-salted; used for fishmeal and oil. Harmful to shellfish banks; dangerous to bathers and fishers due to its poisonous spine. May attain well over 100 cm TL. Warm season visitor to coastal waters (Ref. 6902).

Source: FishBase species summary (SpecCode 2572) — https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Bathytoshia-centroura.html (CC BY-NC 3.0 — non-commercial use only). Accessed 2026-09-23.

Distribution and occurrence records (GBIF)

1,537 georeferenced occurrence records for Bathytoshia centroura are published through GBIF from 43 countries or marine areas. The map above plots 143 distinct locations from a sample of 1,537 records, omitting 53 inland records that carry an institution's coordinates rather than a collection site; it shows where the species has been observed and reported, not a modelled range.

Most records by country or area: United States of America (808); Nigeria (118); Gabon (78); Ghana (76); Côte d’Ivoire (71).

The full country table, WoRMS marine regions and the sampling notes are on this species' Distribution page.

Source: GBIF Occurrence Search (taxonKey 9363791) — https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=9363791&has_coordinate=true (records CC0 / CC BY); WoRMS distribution records (MarineRegions) — https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1017389 (CC BY 4.0); Natural Earth 110m basemap — https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ (public domain). Accessed 2026-09-23.

Conservation status (IUCN Red List)

The IUCN Red List assesses Bathytoshia centroura (Mitchill, 1815) as Vulnerable (code VU). No trend, population estimate or threat analysis is given here, because none is available from this source without the Red List API; follow the source link for the full assessment, including its date.

Source: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (taxon 104065040) — https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/104065040/0; GBIF IUCN Red List category endpoint (taxonKey 9363791) — https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/9363791/iucnRedListCategory. Accessed 2026-09-23.

Description and natural history (Wikipedia)

Often found lying on the bottom buried in sediment, the roughtail stingray is a generalist predator that feeds on a variety of benthic invertebrates and bony fishes. It is aplacental viviparous, with the embryos receiving nourishment initially from yolk, and later from histotroph ("uterine milk") produced by the mother. The venomous tail spine of the roughtail stingray is potentially dangerous to humans. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) has listed this species as vulnerable overall.

The first description of the roughtail stingray was published by American naturalist Samuel Mitchell in one of the earliest North American works on ichthyology, a short treatise on the fishes of New York in the 1815 first volume of Transactions of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New York. Mitchell based his account on specimens caught off Long Island, though did not designate any types, and named the new species Raja centroura, from the Greek centoro ("pricker") in reference to its thorns. Subsequent authors moved this species to the genus Dasyatis. This ray may also be referred to as rough-tailed stingray, rough-tailed northern stingray, or thorny stingray.

The taxonomy of the roughtail stingray is not fully resolved, with the disjunct northwestern Atlantic and southwestern Atlantic populations differing in life history and perhaps representing a complex of different species. Lisa Rosenberger's 2001 phylogenetic analysis of 14 Dasyatis species, based on morphology, found that the roughtail stingray is the sister species to the broad stingray (B. lata), and that they form a clade with the southern stingray (Hypanus americanus) and the longtail stingray (H. longa). The close relationship between the roughtail and southern stingrays was upheld by a genetic analysis published by Leticia de Almeida Leao Vaz and colleagues in 2006. The roughtail and broad stingrays are found in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans respectively, and therefore likely diverged before or with the formation of the Isthmus of Panama (c. 3 Ma). A Molecular phylogenetic review in 2016 led to the eastern Atlantic B. centroura being redesignated as Bathytoshia lata.

The roughtail stingray is broadly but discontinuously distributed in the coastal waters of the western Atlantic Ocean. It occurs from the Georges Bank off Cape Cod, Massachusetts following warm ocean waters southward to Florida, the Bahamas, and the northeastern Gulf of Mexico; there are also scattered reports from Venezuela to Argentina and on the Barrier reef in Belize. A single record from Kollam, India was likely a misidentification.

One of the deepest-diving stingrays, the roughtail stingray has been recorded to a depth of 274 m in the Bahamas. However, it is most common at a depth of 15 - 50 m. This bottom-dwelling species favors live-bottom habitat (patches of rough terrain that are densely encrusted by sessile invertebrates), and also frequents adjacent open areas of sand or mud. Rays in the northwestern Atlantic do not usually enter brackish water.

The favored temperature range of the roughtail stingray is 15 - 22 C, which is the most important factor determining its distribution. It conducts seasonal migrations off the eastern United States: from December to May, this ray is found over the middle and outer parts of the continental shelf from Cape Hatteras in North Carolina to Florida, with larger rays occurring further south than smaller ones. In the spring, the population moves north of Cape Hatteras to the waters off Long Island, New York and Cape Cod, Massachusetts towards the coast into bays, inlets, and saltier estuaries, though preserving the north-south gradient of body sizes. Pregnant females tend to be found apart from other individuals.

The roughtail stingray has a diamond-shaped pectoral fin disk 1.2–1.3 times as wide as long, with straight to gently sinuous margins, rather angular outer corners, and a moderately long, obtuse snout. The eyes are proportionally smaller than other stingrays in its range and immediately followed by larger spiracles. There is a curtain of skin between the nostrils with a finely fringed posterior margin. The mouth is bow-shaped with a row of six papillae (nipple-like structures) across the floor. The seven upper and 12–14 lower tooth rows at the center are functional, though the total number of tooth rows is much greater. The teeth are arranged with a quincunx pattern into flattened surfaces; each has a tetragonal base with a blunt crown in juveniles and females, and a pointed cusp in adult males.

The pelvic fins have nearly straight margins and angular tips. The tail is long and whip-like, measuring some 2.5 times the length of the disc. A long, saw-toothed spine is placed atop the tail at around half a disc length back from the tail base; sometimes one or two replacement spines are also present in front of the existing one. Behind the spine, there is a long ventral fin fold that is much lower than that of the southern stingray. Individuals under 46 - 48 cm across have completely smooth skin. Larger rays develop increasing numbers of distinctive tubercles or bucklers (flat-based thorns) over the middle of the back from the snout to the tail base, as well as dorsal and lateral rows of thorns on the tail. The bucklers vary in size, with the largest of equal diameter to the eye, and may bear up to three thorns each. This species is a uniform dark brown or olive above, and off-white below without dark fin margins. Among the largest members of its family, the roughtail stingray can reach 2.6 m across, 4.3 m long, and 360 kg in weight. Females grow larger than males.

The roughtail stingray is reportedly not highly active, spending much time buried in the sediment. It is a generalist predator whose diet generally reflects the most available prey in its environment. It mainly captures prey off the bottom, but also opportunistically takes free-swimming prey. A variety of invertebrates, as well as bony fishes such as sand lance and scup, are known to be consumed. Off Massachusetts, the main prey are crabs (Cancer), bivalves (Mya), gastropods (Polinices), squid (Loligo) and annelid worms. In Delaware Bay, most of its diet consists of the sand shrimp Crangon septemspinosa and the blood worm Glycera dibranchiata; the overall dietary composition there is nearly identical to that of bluntnose stingrays (Hypanus say) that share the bay. The shrimp Upogebia affinis is a major food source off Virginia. Off Florida, crustaceans (Rananoides, Ovalipes, Sicyonia brevirostris, and Portunus) and polychaete worms are the most important prey.

Sharks and other large fishes, in particular the great hammerhead (Sphyrna mokarran), prey upon the roughtail stingray. The live sharksucker (Echeneis naucrates) is sometimes found attached to its body. Known parasites of this species include the tapeworms Acanthobothrium woodsholei, Anthocephalum centrurum, Lecanicephalum sp., Oncomegas wageneri, Polypocephalus sp., Pterobothrium senegalense, and Rhinebothrium maccallumi, the monogenean Dendromonocotyle centrourae, and the leech Branchellion torpedinis.

Like other stingrays, the roughtail stingray is aplacental viviparous: the developing embryo is initially sustained by yolk and later by histotroph ("uterine milk", containing proteins, lipids, and mucus) delivered by the mother through finger-like projections of the uterine epithelium called "trophonemata". Only the left ovary and uterus are functional in adult females. Off the eastern United States, reproduction occurs on an annual cycle with mating in winter and early spring. After a gestation period of 9–11 months, females give birth to 4–6 (typically five) young in fall or early winter. The newborns measure 34 - 37 cm across.

Source: Wikipedia: Roughtail stingray — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roughtail_stingray (CC BY-SA 4.0). Accessed 2026-09-23.

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