Javelin grunter (Pomadasys kaakan)

Classification (WoRMS)

Full classification as recorded by WoRMS: Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Teleostei · Order: Eupercaria incertae sedis · Family: Haemulidae · Genus: Pomadasys.

Accepted name: Pomadasys kaakan · Authority: (Cuvier, 1830) · Taxonomic status: accepted · AphiaID: 218566.

Synonyms and superseded combinations recorded for this taxon: Pomadasys kakaan (Cuvier, 1830); Pomadasys nageb (Rüppell, 1838); Pomadasyus kaakan (Cuvier, 1830); Pomodasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830); Pristipoma kaakan Cuvier, 1830.

Source: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) — https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=218566 (CC BY 4.0). Accessed 2026-09-25.

Biology and life history (FishBase)

Measured values published by FishBase for Pomadasys kaakan. Only fields the database actually holds for this species are shown; these are database values, not aquarium guidance.

Maximum length: 80 cm · Common length: 50 cm · Habitat zone: reef-associated · Body shape: fusiform / normal · Vulnerability index: 38.2 of 100 · Fishery importance: commercial · Aquarium trade: never/rarely.

FishBase notes: Inhabit turbid inshore waters with sandy to muddy bottoms to a depth of 75 m. Enter estuaries, may tolerate water with low salinity. Often associated with inshore wrecks (Ref. 4332). Feed on crustaceans and fish (Ref. 5213, 48635).

Spawners form shoals near river mouths during the winter. Good food fish (Ref. 2799). Taken by handline, set net, trap, and spear. Marketed fresh, a small quantity is salted or smoked (Ref. 47695).

Source: FishBase species summary (SpecCode 6006) — https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Pomadasys-kaakan.html (CC BY-NC 3.0 — non-commercial use only). Accessed 2026-09-25.

Distribution and occurrence records (GBIF)

19,326 georeferenced occurrence records for Pomadasys kaakan are published through GBIF from 26 countries or marine areas. The map above plots 132 distinct locations from a sample of 3,000 records, omitting 81 inland records that carry an institution's coordinates rather than a collection site; it shows where the species has been observed and reported, not a modelled range.

Most records by country or area: Australia (17,592); Mozambique (1,181); Chinese Taipei (329); South Africa (40); Malaysia (33).

The full country table, WoRMS marine regions and the sampling notes are on this species' Distribution page.

Source: GBIF Occurrence Search (taxonKey 2382902) — https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=2382902&has_coordinate=true (records CC0 / CC BY); WoRMS distribution records (MarineRegions) — https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=218566 (CC BY 4.0); Natural Earth 110m basemap — https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ (public domain). Accessed 2026-09-25.

Conservation status (IUCN Red List)

The IUCN Red List assesses Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830) as Least Concern (code LC). No trend, population estimate or threat analysis is given here, because none is available from this source without the Red List API; follow the source link for the full assessment, including its date.

Source: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (taxon 194438) — https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/194438/0; GBIF IUCN Red List category endpoint (taxonKey 2382902) — https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2382902/iucnRedListCategory. Accessed 2026-09-25.

Description and natural history (Wikipedia)

Pomadasys kaakan has a blunt head which has a convex upper profile and a small mouth which has brushlike bands of teeth on its jaws. There are two pores and a central pit on the chin. The juveniles are bright silvery green dorsally, golden silver on the flanks and silvery white on the underparts, there are no fewer than 12 indistinct vertical bars which are made up of small dark brown spots or irregular blotches. The dorsal fin has blackish-brown spots on the basal part of its spiny portion and there are three rows of spots on the soft-rayed part which has a dark margin while the lower tip of the caudal fin is milky.

The adults are plain golden green dorsally and silver ventrally with the bars and dorsal fin spots being indistinct or absent. The dorsal fin has 12 spines and 13-15 soft rays, while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 7 soft rays. This species attains a maximum total length of 80 cm, although 50 cm is more typical.

Distribution

Pomadasys kaakan is found in the Indo-Pacific. It ranges along the eastern coast of Africa from the Red Sea to the Eastern Cape, along the southern coast of Asia, including the Persian Gulf, to China and Taiwan and along the northern coasts of Australia from Exmouth Gulf in Western Australia to Moreton Bay in Queensland. It is also found in Comoro Islands, Madagascar, the Seychelles and the Farquhar Islands.

Habitat and biology

Pomadasys kaakan is found in turbid waters near the coast where the substrate consists of sand or mud to depths of 75 m. They will enter estuarine environments, and they may be able tolerate water with low salinity. Frequently found in and around inshore shipwrecks. They are also known from coral and rocky reefs.

They spawn in shoals near river mouths during the winter. They are oviparous and form distinct pairs to spawn. Their diet is largely crustaceans, and they are known to feed on fishes, molluscs, brittle stars, Lingula sp. and algae.

Systematics

Pomadasys kaakan was first formally described as Pristipoma kaakan in 1830 by the French anatomist, zoologist and naturalist Georges Cuvier (179–1832) with the type locality given jointly as Arian Coupang River, Pondicherry and Mahé in India. The specific name kaakan is the local name for this species used in Pondicherry. P. kaakan was considered a junior synonym of Pomadasys hasta in error.

Utilisation

Pomadasys kaakan is an important target species for commercial fisheries throughout the Persian Gulf and it is caught with bottom trawls, bottom longline, gillnets and traps. It is taken as bycatch in shrimp fisheries in the Persian Gulf too. The catch is marketed fresh or preserved by salting or smoking.

Source: Wikipedia: Pomadasys kaakan — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomadasys_kaakan (CC BY-SA 4.0). Accessed 2026-09-25.