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Arabian Sea

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Arabian Sea

via Wikipedia: Arabian Sea · see source

The Arabian Sea is a region of the northern Indian Ocean covering about 3,862,000 km² and reaching a maximum depth of 5,395 m.[1][2]

Last updated 2026-10-04 from the source article.

Geography and history

The Arabian Sea is bounded on the west by the Arabian Peninsula and on the east by India.[1] The Arabian Sea has served as an important maritime trade route since the 4th and 3rd millennia BC.[3] By the time of Julius Caesar, well-established trade routes to the Roman Empire depended on water transport through the Arabian Sea.[4] The sea experiences a monsoonal climate, with temperature patterns dependent upon the time of year.[5]

On its western border with the Gulf of Aden, the Alula-Fartak Trough reaches depths exceeding 5,360 m.[6] Shipping across the wider Indian Ocean was transformed by the spread of fore-and-aft rigged vessels into the Arabian Sea near the close of the 1st millennium CE.[7]

What the cited sources add

A 2013 study by Eivind Heldaas Seland examined networks and social cohesion in ancient Indian Ocean trade, including the Arabian Sea.[8][3] The UNESCO Silk Roads Programme notes that maritime trading links were established between Arabia and China from as early as the 8th century CE.[9] The same review noted that coastal forests along the Arabian Sea cover a relatively small expanse compared to other parts of the world.[10][11] A 2000 study by Craig M. Lee and colleagues documented the upper-ocean response to monsoonal forcing in the Arabian Sea.[12][13]

A 2023 study by Xungang Yin and colleagues established the 1991–2020 sea surface temperature normals for the region.[14][15]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Arabian Sea" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Arabian Sea", UNBIS Thesaurus; Banse, Karl, and Charles R. McClain. "Winter blooms of phytoplankton in the Arabian Sea as observed by the Coastal Zone Color Scanner." Marine Ecology Progress ; Pham, J. Peter. "Putting Somali piracy in context." Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28.3 (2010): 325–341. (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Arabian Sea" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Arabian Sea", Encyclopædia Britannica; "NOAA Bathymetric Data Viewer", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Arabian Sea" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Seland, "Networks and social cohesion in ancient Indian Ocean trade: geography, ethnicity, religion", Journal of Global History, November 2013, p. 373–390; "Indian Ocean Trade Routes", OER Project; "About the Silk Roads", The UNESCO Silk Roads Programme (UNESCO); "The Silk Road and Arab Sea Routes (11th and 12th Centuries) The Geography of Transport Systems", 31 October 2017; Daggett, "The Indian Ocean: A Maritime Trade Network History Nearly Forgot", Discover Magazine, 20 October 2016; "Indian Ocean Trade Routes", OER Project; "The Silk Ro en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Arabian Sea" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "About the Silk Roads", The UNESCO Silk Roads Programme (UNESCO); ; "Maritime Trade", Ancient Arabia: Archaeology & History of Pre-islamic Arabia Huma Num; Seland, "Networks and social cohesion in ancient Indian Ocean trade: geography, ethnicity, religion", Journal of Global History, November 2013, p. 373–390; Campbell, "The Lateen Sail in World History", Journal of World History, 1995, p. 1–23; "Timeline of Art History: Trade between Arabia and the Empires of Rome and Asia", Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1 October 2000; Seland, "The Periplus en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Arabian Sea" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Meraj, "Middle Eastern mangroves at the arid limit (Red Sea and Arabian/Persian Gulf): eco-biophysical dynamics, blue-carbon MRV, climate-risk pathways, and governance for resilient restoration – a comprehensive review",; "Horn of Africa (region) Geography and Cartography Research Starters EBSCO Research", EBSCO (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Arabian Sea" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "NOAA Bathymetric Data Viewer", National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Arabian Sea" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Whitewright, "The Potential Performance of Ancient Mediterranean Sailing Rigs", International Journal of Nautical Archaeology, 2011, p. 2–17; Whitewright, "Technological Continuity and Change: The Lateen Sail of the Medieval Mediterranean", Al-Masāq, 2012a, p. 1–19; Whitewright, "Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Volume 2: Ancient & Modern Issues in Cultural Heritage, Colour & Light in Architecture, Art & Material Culture, Isl (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Eivind Heldaas Seland, "Networks and social cohesion in ancient Indian Ocean trade: geography, ethnicity, religion", Journal of Global History (2013), doi:10.1017/s1740022813000338. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  9. "About the Silk Roads", The UNESCO Silk Roads Programme (UNESCO). facts only, no text reused. unesco.org
  10. Gowhar Meraj, "Middle Eastern mangroves at the arid limit (Red Sea and Arabian/Persian Gulf): eco-biophysical dynamics, blue-carbon MRV, climate-risk pathways, and governance for resilient restoration - a comprehensive review", Frontiers in Marine Science (2025), doi:10.3389/fmars.2025.1695426. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  11. Wikipedia, "Arabian Sea" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Meraj, "Middle Eastern mangroves at the arid limit (Red Sea and Arabian/Persian Gulf): eco-biophysical dynamics, blue-carbon MRV, climate-risk pathways, and governance for resilient restoration – a comprehensive review", (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  12. Craig M. Lee, "The upper-ocean response to monsoonal forcing in the Arabian Sea: seasonal and spatial variability", Deep Sea Research Part II Topical Studies in Oceanography (2000), doi:10.1016/s0967-0645(99)00141-1. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  13. Wikipedia, "Arabian Sea" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Beal, "The Response of the Surface Circulation of the Arabian Sea to Monsoonal Forcing", Journal of Physical Oceanography, 1 September 2013, p. 2008–2022; Lee, "The upper-ocean response to monsoonal forcing in the Arabian Sea: seasonal and spatial variability", Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 1 January 2000, p. 1177–1226; "Arabian Sea mini warm pool and the monsoon onset vortex", Current Science, 25 July 2007, p. 203–213; Lee, "The upper-ocean response to monsoonal forcing in the Arabian Sea: seasonal and spatial en.wikipedia.org
  14. Xungang Yin, "The 1991–2020 sea surface temperature normals", International Journal of Climatology (2023), doi:10.1002/joc.8350. OpenAlex metadata CC0; paper not read. doi.org
  15. Wikipedia, "Arabian Sea" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Pratik, "Recent changes in the summer monsoon circulation and their impact on dynamics and thermodynamics of the Arabian Sea", Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 1 April 2019, p. 321–331; Yin, "The 1991–2020 sea surface temperature normals", International Journal of Climatology, 16 December 2023, p. 668–685; at 682; "Arabian Sea mini warm pool and the monsoon onset vortex", Current Science, 25 July 2007, p. 203–213; "Arab region pushed to limits by climate extremes as 2024 smashes heat records", UN News, 4 December 2025 (we also read that en.wikipedia.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Arabian Sea (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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