Fred Shuttlesworth
Baptist minister and civil rights leader who co-founded the SCLC.
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via Wikipedia: Fred Shuttlesworth · see source
He co-founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference with Martin Luther King Jr. in 1957.[1] Shuttlesworth died on October 5, 2011 in Birmingham, Alabama at age 89.[2] Fred Shuttlesworth, born on March 18, 1922 in Mount Meigs, Alabama, was a civil rights activist and a minister.[3]
Key facts and history
Shuttlesworth graduated as valedictorian from Rosedale High School and earned a B.A. from Selma University in 1951 and a B.S. from Alabama State University.[3] He became pastor of Bethel Baptist Church in Birmingham in 1953.[4] A mob attacked Shuttlesworth and his wife Ruby in 1957 when they tried to enroll their children in a white school.[5] In 1956, while serving as the Membership Chairman for the Alabama state chapter of the NAACP, the state government made the organization illegal within Alabama.[4]
A 1958 assassination attempt against Shuttlesworth did not succeed.[1] Shuttlesworth moved to Cincinnati in 1961 to lead a church there, yet he continued his civil rights work in Birmingham.[1] Shuttlesworth started the 1963 Birmingham Campaign and played a crucial role in its execution.[1] To help families purchase homes, Shuttlesworth established the Shuttlesworth Housing Foundation in 1988.[6]
What the research sources say
The Vulcan Park & Museum account states that Shuttlesworth orchestrated a protest by sitting in the white waiting room at Birmingham Terminal Station with his wife in 1957.[7] According to that same source, Birmingham police safely escorted the Shuttlesworths into the station and onto their train.[7] The Encyclopedia of Alabama notes that the Birmingham Pledge was launched in 1998 and spread worldwide with tens of thousands of signers.[8] That source also states that the Lifetime Achievement Awards began by honoring Fred Shuttlesworth in 2000.[8]
References
- Wikipedia, "Fred Shuttlesworth" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Manis, "A Fire You Can't Put Out: The Civil Rights Life of Birmingham's Reverend Fred Shuttlesworth", University of Alabama Press, 1999 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Fred Shuttlesworth" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Gates, "Birmingham civil rights leader Fred Shuttlesworth dies", Reuters, October 5, 2011; Washington, "Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth passes away", MyFoxAL.com; Stewart, "Alabama Gov. Robert Bentley orders flags on state buildings at half staff for Rev. Shuttlesworth", al.com, October 6, 2011; Garrison, "Shuttlesworth buried at Birmingham's Oak Hill after final tributes", AL.com, October 24, 2011 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Fred Shuttlesworth" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Rhetoric, Religion and the Civil Rights Movement 1954-1965", Baylor University Press, 2006, p. 250; Albert, Melissa. "Fred Shuttlesworth Americans Minister And Civil Rights Activist". Encyclopedia Britannica, March 14, 2019. (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Fred Shuttlesworth" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: The JBHE Foundation. "Fred Shuttleworth: The Man Who Pushed Martin Luther King Jr. Into Greatness". Fred Shuttleworth: He Pushed Martin Luther King Jr. Into Gre (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Fred Shuttlesworth" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: CBS, director. The Civil Rights Act of 1964: A Long Struggle for Freedom Civil Rights Activist Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth on Bombings and Beatings in 1950s Birming; CBS, director J. Mills Thornton III. Dividing Lines: Municipal Politics and the Struggle for Civil Rights in Montgomery, Birmingham, and Selma. Vol. 733, The Un (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Fred Shuttlesworth" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Birmingham Pledge", Encyclopedia of Alabama, May 12, 2011 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- "5 Things You Should Know About Birmingham’s Terminal Station Vulcan Park & Museum: Birmingham, AL", Vulcan Park & Museum. facts only, no text reused. visitvulcan.com
- "Birmingham Pledge", Encyclopedia of Alabama, May 12, 2011. facts only, no text reused. encyclopediaofalabama.org
Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Fred Shuttlesworth (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.
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Sources
Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.
- Wikipedia: Fred Shuttlesworth (CC BY-SA 4.0).
- Word definitions: the Codexery glossary, each quoted from its Wikipedia article.
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