Musculoskeletal System And Orthopedics Codexery

Shoulder

The shoulder is the most mobile and potentially unstable joint.

Shoulder

Elements Of This World · CC BY 2.0

It is one of the most mobile joints in the human body, allowing a remarkable range of motion.[1] This mobility also makes the shoulder extremely unstable and prone to dislocation and injury.[1] The humerus and scapula come together to create a ball-and-socket configuration that defines the shoulder region.[2]

Quick Facts

Latin
articulatio humeri

Facts from the source article.

Key facts and history

The deltoid muscle covers the shoulder joint on three sides and assists in flexion, abduction, and extension.[3] The armpit is formed by the space between shoulder muscles and contains nerves and blood vessels of the arm.[3] The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery beyond the first rib, supplying blood to the shoulder region.[4] Under the influence of testosterone and growth hormone, shoulders broaden in males during puberty.[5]

Between the humeral head and the scapula's glenoid process, the glenohumeral joint functions as the primary shoulder articulation, being of the ball-and-socket type.[6][7] Shoulder motion is also influenced by the acromioclavicular joint and the sternoclavicular joint.[6] Bursae, which are thin, sac-like formations, enable frictionless movement among bone, muscle, and tendon.[8] Stabilization of the shoulder is provided by the rotator cuff, a set of four muscles: the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.[3]

Nerve roots from cervical vertebrae C5 through T1 give rise to the brachial plexus, which provides innervation to most shoulder muscles.[9]

What the cited sources add

The same source notes that the skin around the shoulder is supplied by nerves from C2-C4 and C7-T2.[9][10] "Davidson's principles and practice of medicine" identifies the primary cause of shoulder pain as a rotator cuff tear, most commonly involving the supraspinatus.[11][12] According to "Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology", the shoulder joint features articular cartilage that facilitates smooth bone movement, and a synovial membrane encloses the joint cavity.[6][10] The "Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health" notes that bursae serve to cushion and shield the rotator cuff from the acromion's bony arch.[8][13]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Shoulder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Scientific Keys Volume I, The Key Muscles of Hatha Yoga, Ray Long MD FRCSC, Third Edition, p. 174 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Shoulder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "shoulder", The Free Dictionary; "shoulder - definition of shoulder in English Oxford Dictionaries", Oxford Dictionaries English (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Shoulder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Bogart, "Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology", Elsevier, 2007, p. 246–260; Bogart, "Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology", Elsevier, 2007, p. 246–260; Bogart, "Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology", Elsevier, 2007, p. 246–260 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Shoulder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Bogart, "Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology", Elsevier, 2007, p. 246–260; Bogart, "Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology", Elsevier, 2007, p. 246–260 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Shoulder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence", Cengage Learning, 1 January 2013, p. 191– (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Shoulder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "shoulder", The Free Dictionary; Bogart, "Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology", Elsevier, 2007, p. 246–260 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Shoulder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "shoulder", The Free Dictionary (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Shoulder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Wexler, "Encyclopedia of Nursing and Allied Health Vol. 1", Gale, 2006, p. 414–416 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Shoulder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Bogart, "Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology", Elsevier, 2007, p. 246–260 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  10. Open Library record, ISBN 9781416031659 ("Elsevier's Integrated Anatomy and Embryology (Elsevier's Integrated)"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
  11. Wikipedia, "Shoulder" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Davidson's principles and practice of medicine.", Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, 2010, p. 1069; Longo, "Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine", McGraw-Hill Professional, August 11, 2011, p. 2184–2186; "Davidson's principles and practice of medicine.", Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier, 2010, p. 1069; "Rotator Cuff Tears - OrthoInfo - AAOS", www.orthoinfo.org (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  12. Open Library record, ISBN 9780702030857 ("Davidson's principles and practice of medicine"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
  13. Open Library record, ISBN 9781414403748 ("The Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health (Gale Encyclopedia of Nursing & Allied Health (5 Vols.))"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Shoulder (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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