Microbiology And Cell Biology Codexery

Protein biosynthesis

Cellular process producing proteins via transcription and translation.

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Protein biosynthesis is the core biological process that produces fresh proteins to balance the loss of cellular proteins through degradation or export.[1] Enzymes, structural proteins, and hormones are among the critical roles that proteins fulfill.[1] Transcription and translation are the two main stages into which protein synthesis is categorized.[2]

Quick Facts

Field
Molecular biology
Known for
Core biological process of protein production via transcription and translation

Facts from the source article.

Key facts and history

In eukaryotes, the initial mRNA (pre-mRNA) undergoes post-transcriptional modifications—addition of a 5' cap, a 3' poly(A) tail, and removal of introns via splicing—to produce mature mRNA.[3][4] After translation, the polypeptide chain must fold into a functional three-dimensional shape, first forming secondary structures (e.g., alpha helices or beta sheets) and then a tertiary structure.[5] RNA polymerases convert a gene, which is a DNA segment that codes for a protein, into messenger RNA (mRNA) during transcription.[2] For translation to occur, the mature mRNA is transported from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm.[2]

Ribosomes move along mRNA in the 5'-3' direction during translation, utilizing transfer RNAs (tRNAs) to bring the appropriate amino acids.[6][7] Covalent peptide bonds between amino acids are formed by the ribosome, which catalyzes this reaction to construct a polypeptide chain.[8] A quaternary structure, consisting of several polypeptide subunits, is a feature of certain proteins.[9] Disease frequently stems from mistakes in protein biosynthesis, which can be due to DNA mutations or the misfolding of proteins.[10]

What the research sources say

The textbook "AQA Biology A Level Student Book" (2015) describes that helicase disrupts hydrogen bonds to unwind DNA, exposing a gene for transcription.[11][12] "Molecular cell biology" (2000) explains that RNA is composed of guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil, with uracil replacing thymine found in DNA.[13][14] The "AQA Biology A Level Student Book" details that the ribosome attaches to the start codon (AUG) and reads mRNA in codons, with each tRNA anticodon complementary to a specific mRNA codon.[11][12] Critical functions such as acting as enzymes, structural components, or hormones are performed by proteins, according to the same source.[15][1]

"Molecular biology of the cell" indicates that while protein synthesis in prokaryotes and eukaryotes is largely analogous, notable differences exist.[15][1]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Molecular biology of the cell", Garland Science, Taylor and Francis Group, 2015 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Essentials of Cell Biology", Cambridge, MA, 2010 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Zhao, "Post-transcriptional gene regulation by mRNA modifications", Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology, January 2017, p. 31–42 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "AQA biology A level. Student book", Oxford University Press, 2015; "Introns: The Functional Benefits of Introns in Genomes", Genomics & Informatics, December 2015, p. 112–118 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Protein post-translational modifications and regulation of pluripotency in human stem cells", Cell Research, February 2014, p. 143–160 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Nucleus and ribosomes (article)", Khan Academy (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "The cell: a molecular approach", Sinauer Associates, 2000 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Świderek, "Peptide Bond Formation Mechanism Catalyzed by Ribosome", Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2015-09-23, p. 12024–12034 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Protein structure: Primary, secondary, tertiary & quaternary (article)", Khan Academy (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  10. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Translation matters: protein synthesis defects in inherited disease", Nature Reviews. Genetics, September 2007, p. 711–723; "Biochemistry", W. H. Freeman and Company, 2015 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  11. Open Library record, ISBN 9780198351771 ("Aqa Biology a Level Student Book"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
  12. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "AQA biology A level. Student book", Oxford University Press, 2015 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  13. Open Library record, ISBN 9780716737063 ("Molecular cell biology"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
  14. Wikipedia, "Protein biosynthesis" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Molecular cell biology", W.H. Freeman, 2000 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  15. Open Library record, ISBN 9780815344643 ("Molecular biology of the cell - 6. edición"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Protein biosynthesis (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

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Protein biosynthesis · Cell And Molecular Biology

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Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

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