Total Football

Lore & Background

Total football's tactical success depends largely on the adaptability of each player in the team, and in particular their ability to quickly switch positions depending on the on-field situation. The theory requires players to be comfortable in multiple positions; hence, it requires intelligent players with many skills. Manager Rinus Michels is generally credited with introducing this system during the 1970s, at Dutch club Ajax and the Netherlands national team. However, some authors credit teams such as the Austrian Wunderteam of the 1930s or the Golden Team of Hungary of the 1950s for having played in a similar style to Total Football. Both sides were influenced by Jimmy Hogan, who was in turn influenced by the combination game.

Reader's Guide

The first foundations for what became known as Total Football were laid by Jimmy Hogan, a Burnley native, who was influenced by the combination game. Working with Austrian coach and his friend Hugo Meisl in the early 1930s, Meisl's Austria national football team (known as the 'Wunderteam') became possibly the first side to play Total Football. Hogan's influence reached beyond the Austrian borders, as two decades later the Hungary national team (also known as the 'Golden Team') played a similar style of football under coach Gusztáv Sebes.

Torino ('Grande Torino' as the team was called) in the 1940s played a similar style as the Austrians. Between 1941 and 1947, Argentinian club River Plate formed a remarkable team, known as 'La Máquina' (The Machine), whose attack formed by Carlos Muñoz, José Manuel Moreno, Adolfo Pedernera, Ángel Labruna and Félix Loustau perfected the 'false nine' style and the constant change of attack positions. Also in the 1940s, English manager Jack Reynolds implemented a style that was bearing similarities to Total Football at Ajax, leading the Dutch club to rise in importance and win trophies for the first time.

In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Burnley were playing a renewed system in English football 'where every player could play in every position' under manager Harry Potts. Another pioneer was Vic Buckingham, manager of West Bromwich Albion, Ajax and Barcelona in the 1950s and 1960s, as the footballing education that he established helped the progressive nature of the type of football of Rinus Michels and later Johan Cruyff, a player who was introduced into the Ajax first team by Vic Buckingham.

Rinus Michels, who played under Reynolds, later became manager of Ajax in 1965. Michels developed the tactics of Total Football after 1970, most importantly with the introduction of forward Johan Cruyff, perhaps the system's most famous exponent. Austrian coach Ernst Happel reworked the theory to introduce strength, encouraging his players to play tougher during his spells at ADO Den Haag and Feyenoord. Happel also managed the Netherlands national team to a runner-up finish in the 1978 FIFA World Cup.

Building further on the foundations of Total Football, a new tactical system developed in FC Barcelona (particularly under manager Pep Guardiola) and the Spain national team during the late 2000s and early 2010s.