Grover Cleveland
22nd and 24th U.S. president; first to serve nonconsecutive terms.
Last updated
Stephen Grover Cleveland was born on March 18, 1837, in Caldwell, New Jersey.[1] Cleveland was the first Democratic president since James Buchanan, taking office with a promise to adhere to "business principals".[2]
Life and work
He worked as an assistant teacher at the New York Institute for the Blind after his father died in 1853.[3][4] Cleveland was admitted to the New York bar in 1859 and later served as assistant district attorney of Erie County.[5][6] He was elected sheriff of Erie County in 1870 and personally carried out two executions.[7][8] Cleveland served as mayor of Buffalo in 1882 and then as governor of New York, where he closely cooperated with Theodore Roosevelt to pass reform measures.[9]
He won the 1884 presidential election against James G. Blaine with support from reform-minded Republicans called "Mugwumps"[10] During his first term, Cleveland signed the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 and the Dawes Act.[11] He lost the 1888 election to Benjamin Harrison despite winning the popular vote.[12] Cleveland won a rematch against Harrison in 1892, returning to the White House.[13]
Cleveland died in 1908.[14] Stephen Grover Cleveland, the fifth of nine children, was named after a pastor and later went by Grover in his adult years.[15]
What the cited sources add
Halpin alleged in an 1874 affidavit that Cleveland's entry into her room was not consensual and that he was forceful and violent.[16] A Newsweek article from 2017 reports that Halpin alleged Cleveland raped her "by use of force and violence and without my consent"[17] The University of Houston's account of Cleveland's actions on Hawaii notes that he withdrew the annexation treaty for re-examination and ordered a study of the revolution.[18] The Miller Center's key events record shows that Cleveland signed the Presidential Succession Act on January 19, 1886.[2]
References
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Nevins, 8–10; Graff, 3–4; Nevins, 8–10; Graff, 3–4; Nevins, "Grover Cleveland; a study in courage", Dodd, Mead & Co., 1933, p. 6; Nevins, 9; Graff, 7 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- "Grover Cleveland: Key Events" University of Virginia Miller Center. Retrieved June 3, 2019.. facts only, no text reused. millercenter.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Nevins, 18–19; Jeffers, 19 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Nevins, 23–27 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Nevins, 27–33; Nevins, 31–36; Graff, 14 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Graff, 14–15; Graff, 15; Nevins, 46; Graff, 14; Graff, 14; Nevins, 51–52 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Nevins, 58; Jeffers, 33; Nelson, "American Presidents Year by Year", Routledge, 2003, p. 334; Nevins, 58 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Jeffers, 34; Nevins, 61–62; Jeffers, 34; Nevins, 61–62; Jeffers, 34; Nevins, 61–62; "The Execution of John Gaffney", The Buffalonian (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Grover Cleveland Birthplace", National Park Service (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Blum, 527; Jeffers, 8–12; Nevins, 4–5; Beito and Beito (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Interstate Commerce Act (1887)", National Archives and Records Administration, September 8, 2021 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics", Greenwood, 2000, p. 608; Smith, "The U.S. Has Nearly 1.9 Billion Acres of Land. Here's How It is Used", NPR, July 26, 2019 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Williams, "Special Rights of Citizenship and the Perpetuation of Oligarchic Rule in the Republic of Hawai'i, 1894–1898", Hawaiian Journal of History, 2021, p. 71–110; "Grover Cleveland on the Overthrow of Hawaii's Royal Government", University of Houston, 1893; Tugwell, 220–249; Tugwell, 220–249 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "The Spanish-American War: The United States Becomes a World Power", Library of Congress (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Grover Cleveland" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Nevins, 10; Graff, 3; Nevins, 11; Graff, 8–9; Nevins, 11; Jeffers, 17 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Serratore, "President Cleveland's Problem Child", September 26, 2013. facts only, no text reused. smithsonianmag.com
- "Sexual misconduct allegations against presidents have a long history; George H.W. Bush is latest", Newsweek, October 25, 2017. facts only, no text reused. newsweek.com
- "Grover Cleveland on the Overthrow of Hawaii's Royal Government", University of Houston, 1893. facts only, no text reused. digitalhistory.uh.edu
Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Grover Cleveland (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.
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Sources
Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.
- Wikipedia: Grover Cleveland (CC BY-SA 4.0).
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