George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville

Background

George Sackville was born the third son of Lionel Sackville, 1st Duke of Dorset, and his wife Elizabeth. His godfather George I attended his baptism.

He was educated at Westminster School and graduated from Trinity College, Dublin in 1737. While in Dublin, he befriended Jonathan Swift and encountered Lord Ligonier, who later assisted his military career. He entered the army and was elected Grandmaster of the Grand Lodge of Ireland in 1751, serving for two years.

Germain served in the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War. At the Battle of Minden in 1759, he withheld permission for a British cavalry charge despite repeated orders from Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick. This lack of vigorous action was considered a disgrace. He demanded a court-martial to clear his name, but the court found him guilty, ruling him 'unfit to serve His Majesty in any military Capacity whatever.' His name was struck from the Privy Council rolls.

After a period, he was elected to Parliament and gained prominence in Lord North's ministry. In 1770, he legally changed his name to George Germain under the will of Lady Elizabeth Germain. He was appointed Secretary of State for the American Department in 1775.

His war policy was based on a mistaken belief that loyalty to the crown was widespread and would prevail with military support. His confusing instructions to British commanders and failure to understand American geography or rebel resolve contributed to Britain's defeat. His career ended with the fall of the North ministry in March 1782.

Did You Know?

• He was godson of King George I, who attended his baptism.
• He was known to be gay.