Rolling resistance
Force resisting motion of a rolling body on a surface.
Last updated
Rolling resistance is the force that opposes motion when a wheel or ball rolls on a surface.[1] Non-elastic effects are the principal source of rolling resistance, meaning deformation energy is not completely regained when pressure is removed.[1] A coefficient multiplied by the normal force is a common way to represent rolling resistance, similar to how sliding friction is expressed.[2]
Quick Facts
- Field
- Physics
- Known for
- Force resisting motion of rolling bodies; coefficient of rolling resistance
- Primary cause
- Hysteresis in deformable materials such as rubber
Facts from the source article.
Key facts and history
Materials with large hysteresis, like rubber, show more rolling resistance than materials with small hysteresis, like steel.[3] Hysteresis, where the energy needed to deform a material is greater than the energy it returns upon recovery, is the fundamental cause of rolling resistance in pneumatic tires.[4][5] Heat is dissipated as energy loss when a tire's rubber compound undergoes hysteresis during its repeated cycles of deformation and recovery.[5] To lower low-frequency hysteresis without harming traction, low rolling resistance tires frequently substitute silica for carbon black in their tread compounds.[3]
The conversion of mechanical energy into vibrational energy during rolling resistance produces sound.[6] Applied torque causes a substantial increase in rolling resistance; at high torque levels, it can increase by a factor of three due to slip.[7]
What the cited sources add
The 2007 textbook "Engineering Mechanics" by Pearson Prentice Hall states that factors contributing to rolling resistance include wheel deformation, roadbed deformation, and movement below the surface.[8][9] The same source mentions that wheel diameter, load, surface adhesion, sliding, and micro-sliding are additional contributing elements.[8][9] The 2000 book "Engineering Tribology" from Butterworth-Heinemann explains that rolling friction produces sound as mechanical energy is transformed into vibrational energy.[6][10]
References
- Wikipedia, "Rolling resistance" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Sina, "SAE MOBILUS", SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems, 18 April 2018, p. 167–176 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Rolling resistance" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Peck, "Elements of Mechanics: For the Use of Colleges, Academies, and High Schools", A.S. Barnes & Burr: New York, 1859, p. 135 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Rolling resistance" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Tyres-Online: The Benefits of Silica in Tyre Design; Астахов, p.85 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Rolling resistance" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: A handbook for the rolling resistance of pneumatic tires Clark, Samuel Kelly; Dodge, Richard N. 1979 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Rolling resistance" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Tires and Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy: Informing Consumers, Improving Performance -- Special Report 286. National Academy of Sciences, Transportation Research Board, 2006" (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Rolling resistance" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Hogan, "Analysis of highway noise", Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 1973, p. 387–392; Stachowiak, "Engineering tribology", Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Rolling resistance" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Roberts, Fig. 17: "Effect of torque transmission on rolling resistance", p. 71 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
- Wikipedia, "Rolling resistance" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Hibbeler, "Engineering Mechanics: Statics & Dynamics", Pearson, Prentice Hall, 2007, p. 441–442 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
- Open Library record, ISBN 9780132038096 ("Engineering mechanics"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
- Open Library record, ISBN 9780750673044 ("Engineering Tribology, Second Edition"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Rolling resistance (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.
More in Classical And Continuum Mechanics
Sources
Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.
- Wikipedia: Rolling resistance (CC BY-SA 4.0).
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