{"/e/xianbei/murong/": {"t": "Murong", "s": "Xianbei tribe that founded five dynasties and a khanate."}, "/e/xianbei/xianbei/": {"t": "Xianbei", "s": "Ancient nomadic confederation that founded the Northern Wei dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sixteen-kingdoms/": {"t": "Sixteen Kingdoms", "s": "Non-Han rulers governed northern China before reunification by the Northern Wei."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-266-420/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "s": "The Jin dynasty: a reunified China divided by civil war and barbarian invasions."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china/": {"t": "The Great Wall of China", "s": "An ancient defensive system spanning thousands of miles across China's northern borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/e/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/shi-le/": {"t": "Shi Le", "s": "Founding emperor of Later Zhao, former slave and brilliant general."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism."}, "/e/xianbei/tuyuhun-language/": {"t": "Tuyuhun language", "s": "Extinct Para-Mongolic language of the Tuyuhun people."}, "/e/xianbei/kebineng/": {"t": "Kebineng", "s": "Xianbei chieftain assassinated by Cao Wei in 235."}, "/e/xianbei/tanshihuai/": {"t": "Tanshihuai", "s": "Xianbei chieftain who unified the tribes and raided Han borders."}, "/e/xianbei/xieguini/": {"t": "Xieguini", "s": "Xianbei chieftain who surrendered to Wei and became King of Guiyi."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/guanzhong/": {"t": "Guanzhong", "s": "The heartland of ancient Chinese empires, guarded by mountain passes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/guanzhong.webp", "c": "H2v5o68z · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "Imperial dynasty ruling China from 618 to 907."}, "/e/xianbei/fuluohan/": {"t": "Fuluohan", "s": "Xianbei chieftain killed by rival Kebineng."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/three-kingdoms/": {"t": "Three Kingdoms", "s": "A partial revival of the old three kingdoms in early medieval Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/e/literary-novels-and-classics/romance-of-the-three-kingdoms/": {"t": "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "s": "A 14th-century novel blending history and fiction from China's Three Kingdoms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-novels-and-classics/img/literary-novels-and-classics/romance-of-the-three-kingdoms.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Romance of the Three Kingdoms · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/shu-han/": {"t": "Shu Han", "s": "A Han rump state in the Three Kingdoms period."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula/": {"t": "Liaodong Peninsula", "s": "Strategic peninsula in Northeast China, site of major wars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/img/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jinzhou/": {"t": "Jinzhou", "s": "Strategic coastal city in Liaoning, site of key Civil War battles."}, "https://codexery.com/turkic-mythology/e/turkic-mythology/tengrism/": {"t": "Tengrism", "s": "Steppe belief system centered on the sky god Tengri."}, "/e/xianbei/tuoba/": {"t": "Tuoba", "s": "Xianbei clan that ruled northern China as the Northern Wei."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/gobi-desert/": {"t": "Gobi Desert", "s": "A vast cold desert and grassland region spanning southern Mongolia and North China, known for its extreme climate and fossil treasures.", "i": "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/img/landforms-and-regions/gobi-desert.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kumtag Desert · see source"}, "/e/xianbei/mohuba/": {"t": "Mohuba", "s": "Xianbei chieftain who founded the Murong tribe."}, "/e/xianbei/tuyuhun/": {"t": "Tuyuhun", "s": "A Xianbei-related monarchy that dominated northwest China for centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wen-of-sui/": {"t": "Emperor Wen of Sui", "s": "Founding emperor who reunified China and began the Grand Canal."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-wu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Han", "s": "Seventh Han emperor who expanded China's borders and centralized the state."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/old-chos-n/": {"t": "Old Chosŏn", "s": "First kingdom on the Korean Peninsula, founded by legendary Tan'gun."}, "https://codexery.com/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/e/linguistic-concepts-and-phenomena/language-isolate/": {"t": "Language isolate", "s": "A language family with only one known member."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/thunderstorm/": {"t": "Thunderstorm", "s": "A storm characterized by lightning and thunder, forming in cumulonimbus clouds.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/thunderstorm.webp", "c": "Rubbish computer · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chanyus/e/chanyus/chanyu/": {"t": "Chanyu", "s": "Title of Inner Asian nomad rulers for eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jiuquan/": {"t": "Jiuquan", "s": "Prefecture-level city in Gansu, China; Silk Road hub and space launch site."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/northern-wei/": {"t": "Northern Wei", "s": "The Northern Wei: Unifier of Northern China and Catalyst of Sinicization"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/byzantine-empire/": {"t": "Byzantine Empire", "s": "The Eastern Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinople until 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/esoteric-cosmology/e/esoteric-cosmology/earth-classical-element/": {"t": "Earth (classical element)", "s": "One of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-xiaowen-of-northern-wei/": {"t": "Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei", "s": "Emperor who sinicized the Northern Wei and reformed land tenure."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/liu-song-dynasty/": {"t": "Liu Song dynasty", "s": "First of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern period."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/xiao-baoyin/": {"t": "Xiao Baoyin", "s": "Southern Qi prince who rebelled against Northern Wei."}, "https://codexery.com/taboo/e/taboo/naming-taboo/": {"t": "Naming taboo", "s": "A taboo against using exalted persons' names in China and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/ethnic-group/": {"t": "Ethnic group", "s": "A human group sharing perceived common attributes and identity."}, "https://codexery.com/collectors-of-fairy-tales/e/collectors-of-fairy-tales/wolfram-eberhard/": {"t": "Wolfram Eberhard", "s": "Scholar of Chinese folklore and Asian societies."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna/": {"t": "Mitochondrial DNA", "s": "Mitochondrial DNA is a small, maternally inherited genome essential for energy conversion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/cell-and-molecular-biology/mitochondrial-dna.webp", "c": "National Human Genome Research Institute · via Wikipedia: Mitochondrial DNA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty/": {"t": "Liao dynasty", "s": "A Khitan-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 916 to 1125, controlling Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of Siberia and Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty.webp", "c": "SY · via Wikipedia: Liao dynasty · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kara-khanid-khanate/": {"t": "Kara-Khanid Khanate", "s": "Karluk Turkic khanate ruling Central Asia from the 9th to early 13th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kara-khanid-khanate.webp", "c": "Artist circa 1200 CE Photography: Yury Karev · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/monarchy/": {"t": "Monarchy", "s": "A hereditary system of rule by a single sovereign."}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/nomad/": {"t": "Nomad", "s": "Mobile communities moving for food, pasture, or trade."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/deified-male-monarchs/e/deified-male-monarchs/songtsen-gampo/": {"t": "Songtsen Gampo", "s": "33rd King of Tibet, founder of the Tibetan Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-taizong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "s": "Second emperor of Tang, co-founder of the dynasty, and ruler of the golden Zhenguan era."}, "https://codexery.com/musok-deities/e/musok-deities/xue-rengui/": {"t": "Xue Rengui", "s": "Tang general known for valor and a single major defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/e/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/liu-zhiyuan/": {"t": "Liu Zhiyuan", "s": "Founding emperor of the Shatuo-led Later Han dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-scripts/e/languages-and-scripts/tibetan-script/": {"t": "Tibetan script", "s": "An abugida used for Tibetic languages and some neighboring languages, with a history dating to the 7th century."}, "https://codexery.com/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/e/eastern-religions-and-philosophies/bhikkhu/": {"t": "Bhikkhu", "s": "Ordained male monastic in Buddhist tradition."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/e/hindu-and-buddhist-terms/dharma/": {"t": "Dharma", "s": "Central concept in Indian-origin religions with multiple meanings."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-xuanzong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Xuanzong of Tang", "s": "Tang emperor whose 44-year reign saw golden age and catastrophic decline."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/indus-river/": {"t": "Indus River", "s": "A transboundary river of Asia, rising in Tibet and flowing through Kashmir and Pakistan to the Arabian Sea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/indus-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Indus River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-hindu-mythology/e/places-in-hindu-mythology/gandhara/": {"t": "Gandhara", "s": "Ancient crossroads region famed for Greco-Buddhist art and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/e/buddhist-concepts-and-schools/vinaya/": {"t": "Vinaya", "s": "Buddhist monastic code of discipline and ethical training."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/varanasi/": {"t": "Varanasi", "s": "The luminous city on the Ganges, ancient seat of learning and liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/nalanda-mahavihara/": {"t": "Nalanda mahavihara", "s": "A renowned Buddhist mahavihara and ancient centre of learning."}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/eurasian-steppe/": {"t": "Eurasian Steppe", "s": "Grassland corridor linking Europe and Asia for millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/northern-and-southern-dynasties/": {"t": "Northern and Southern dynasties", "s": "Period of division, cultural growth, and technological advance."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/sanskrit/": {"t": "Sanskrit", "s": "The classical language of South Asian religion, philosophy, and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/meat-horses/e/meat-horses/mongolian-horse/": {"t": "Mongolian horse", "s": "Hardy steppe horse unchanged since Genghis Khan's era."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-poetry-and-epics/e/classic-poetry-and-epics/chu-ci/": {"t": "Chu Ci", "s": "Ancient anthology of Chu poetry, central to pre-Qin Chinese verse."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/modu-chanyu/": {"t": "Modu Chanyu", "s": "Founder of the Xiongnu Empire and a formidable steppe conqueror."}, "/e/xianbei/duan-tribe/": {"t": "Duan tribe", "s": "A Xianbei tribe established within China's borders."}}