{"https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers/": {"t": "Axis powers", "s": "Military coalition that initiated World War II against the Allies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/axis-powers.webp", "c": "Sr L · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/italian-campaign-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Italian campaign (World War II)", "s": "Allied and Axis operations in Italy, 1943–1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/italian-campaign-world-war-ii.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/italian-peninsula/": {"t": "Italian Peninsula", "s": "Boot-shaped peninsula comprising much of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/amphibious-warfare/": {"t": "Amphibious warfare", "s": "Complex military maneuver requiring coordinated naval, ground, and air forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/amphibious-warfare.webp", "c": "Cpl. Nicholas Nohalty · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Eastern Front (World War II)", "s": "The decisive theatre of World War II where the Axis powers were defeated on the Eastern Front.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/eastern-front-world-war-ii.webp", "c": "FOTO:Fortepan — ID 27693 : Adományozó/Donor: Konok Tamás id. archive copy at the · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dwight-d-eisenhower/": {"t": "Dwight D. Eisenhower", "s": "34th president of the United States and Supreme Commander of Allied forces in Europe during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/harold-alexander-1st-earl-alexander-of-tunis/": {"t": "Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis", "s": "British field marshal, viceroy, and last UK-born Governor General of Canada."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/bernard-montgomery/": {"t": "Bernard Montgomery", "s": "The victor of El Alamein who led Allied ground forces from D-Day to the German surrender."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/george-s-patton/": {"t": "George S. Patton", "s": "U.S. Army general who led Third Army across Europe in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/tunisia/": {"t": "Tunisia", "s": "A North African crossroads of ancient civilizations and modern aspirations."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/oran/": {"t": "Oran", "s": "Second-largest city in Algeria, key coastal hub."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/airborne-forces/": {"t": "Airborne forces", "s": "Ground troops deployed by air for rapid vertical envelopment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/airborne-forces.webp", "c": "U.S. Army photo by Sgt. 1st Class Joseph Truesdale · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/pacific-war/": {"t": "Pacific War", "s": "The largest theater of World War II, fought across the Pacific and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/pacific-war.webp", "c": "Ensign Emment Regan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/kuril-islands/": {"t": "Kuril Islands", "s": "Volcanic archipelago disputed between Russia and Japan since 1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/kuril-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kuril Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/strategic-bombing-during-world-war-ii/": {"t": "Strategic bombing during World War II", "s": "Strategic bombing targeted cities and industry, reshaping warfare and civilian life."}, "https://codexery.com/warplanes/e/warplanes/b-29-superfortress/": {"t": "B-29 Superfortress", "s": "American heavy bomber that delivered atomic bombs in combat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warplanes/img/warplanes/b-29-superfortress.webp", "c": "NASA Glenn Research Center · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/hiroshima/": {"t": "Hiroshima", "s": "First city targeted by a nuclear weapon in history."}, "/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki/": {"t": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "s": "First and only nuclear attacks in war, ending World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki.webp", "c": "Government Printing Office · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/fighter-aircraft/": {"t": "Fighter aircraft", "s": "Military aircraft designed for air superiority and air-to-air combat."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/anti-aircraft-warfare/": {"t": "Anti-aircraft warfare", "s": "Measures to nullify or reduce hostile air action.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/anti-aircraft-warfare.webp", "c": "AceDouble · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan/": {"t": "Surrender of Japan", "s": "Japan's surrender ended World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/surrender-of-japan.webp", "c": "Harry Beanham · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Largest Asian war of the 20th century, intertwined with World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Unknown photographer, Ministry of the Navy · via Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/classic-fighter-planes/e/classic-fighter-planes/douglas-p-70-havoc/": {"t": "Douglas P-70 Havoc", "s": "USAAF night fighter variant of the versatile Douglas A-20 Havoc."}, "/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor/": {"t": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "s": "Surprise Japanese air raid on US Pacific Fleet, December 7, 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor.webp", "c": "Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Katarzyna Kobiljak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/aerial-warfare/": {"t": "Aerial warfare", "s": "Military use of aircraft and flying machines in combat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/img/warfare-and-military-history/aerial-warfare.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/aircraft-carrier/": {"t": "Aircraft carrier", "s": "Mobile seagoing airbase projecting naval air power worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/img/transportation-engineering/aircraft-carrier.webp", "c": "Yaohua2000 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/warplanes/e/warplanes/b-17-flying-fortress/": {"t": "B-17 Flying Fortress", "s": "The American four-engined heavy bomber that dropped more bombs than any other aircraft in World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/warplanes/img/warplanes/b-17-flying-fortress.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hermann-g-ring/": {"t": "Hermann Göring", "s": "Nazi leader and convicted war criminal"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/spanish-civil-war/": {"t": "Spanish Civil War", "s": "The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain between 1936 and 1939, pitting the Republican faction against the Nationalist rebels."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/radar/": {"t": "Radar", "s": "Radio waves detect and track objects by reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/classic-fighter-planes/e/classic-fighter-planes/messerschmitt-me-262/": {"t": "Messerschmitt Me 262", "s": "World's first operational jet fighter, entering service in mid-1944."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franklin-d-roosevelt/": {"t": "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "s": "32nd US president who led the nation through the Great Depression and World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/ernest-j-king/": {"t": "Ernest J. King", "s": "Fleet admiral who held dual command of U.S. Navy in World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/ernest-j-king.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ernest J. King · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/george-c-marshall/": {"t": "George C. Marshall", "s": "Organizer of victory and architect of European recovery"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/henry-h-arnold/": {"t": "Henry H. Arnold", "s": "Aviation pioneer and architect of the world's most powerful air force.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/henry-h-arnold.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Henry H. Arnold · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mental-health/e/mental-health/psychiatric-hospital/": {"t": "Psychiatric hospital", "s": "Medical facilities treating severe mental disorders, evolving from asylums."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-social-scientists/e/psychologists-and-social-scientists/emil-kraepelin/": {"t": "Emil Kraepelin", "s": "German psychiatrist who shaped modern psychiatric classification."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/schizophrenia/": {"t": "Schizophrenia", "s": "A chronic mental disorder with psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/schizophrenia.webp", "c": "cometstarmoon · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-psychiatrists/e/psychologists-and-psychiatrists/eugen-bleuler/": {"t": "Eugen Bleuler", "s": "Swiss psychiatrist who coined 'schizophrenia' and advanced eugenic ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-goebbels/": {"t": "Joseph Goebbels", "s": "Nazi propagandist and Reich Minister of Propaganda."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/intellectual-disability/": {"t": "Intellectual disability", "s": "A generalized neurodevelopmental disorder with significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning."}, "https://codexery.com/common-diseases-disorders/e/common-diseases-and-disorders/down-syndrome/": {"t": "Down syndrome", "s": "Genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21."}, "https://codexery.com/disorders-causing-seizures/e/disorders-causing-seizures/microcephaly/": {"t": "Microcephaly", "s": "A neurological condition marked by a smaller-than-normal head."}, "https://codexery.com/disorders-causing-seizures/e/disorders-causing-seizures/cerebral-palsy/": {"t": "Cerebral palsy", "s": "A group of permanent movement disorders appearing in early childhood, often with seizures and cognitive challenges.", "i": "https://codexery.com/disorders-causing-seizures/img/disorders-causing-seizures/cerebral-palsy.webp", "c": "City of Boston Archives from West Roxbury, United States · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-substances-and-materials/e/chemical-substances-and-materials/phenol/": {"t": "Phenol", "s": "Aromatic compound essential for plastics, drugs, and explosives."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bavaria/": {"t": "Bavaria", "s": "Largest German state, with a history from Celts to kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/extermination-camp/": {"t": "Extermination camp", "s": "Nazi camps built for systematic mass murder by gassing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/extermination-camp.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/syria-lebanon-campaign/": {"t": "Syria–Lebanon campaign", "s": "British invasion of Vichy-held Syria and Lebanon in 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/syria-lebanon-campaign.webp", "c": "Australian official photographer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi/": {"t": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", "s": "Last Shah of Iran, overthrown in the Islamic Revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/mohammad-reza-pahlavi.webp", "c": "Ghazarians · via Wikipedia: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/neutral-country/": {"t": "Neutral country", "s": "Neutrality in international law: rights, responsibilities, and evolving interpretations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/neutral-country.webp", "c": "The Hawaiian Gazette (newspaper), April 2, 1889, Image 1 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/persian-gulf/": {"t": "Persian Gulf", "s": "A shallow, historically significant sea between Arabia and Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/arkhangelsk/": {"t": "Arkhangelsk", "s": "Gateway to the Arctic and historic White Sea port."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/ahvaz/": {"t": "Ahvaz", "s": "City in southwestern Iran, capital of Khuzestan province."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/czechoslovakia/": {"t": "Czechoslovakia", "s": "A Central European nation that existed from 1918 to 1992, known for its democratic origins and peaceful dissolution."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/iranian-cities/tabriz/": {"t": "Tabriz", "s": "Major economic and cultural hub in northwestern Iran."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation/": {"t": "German Confederation", "s": "An association of 39 German states from 1815 to 1866, created by the Congress of Vienna.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-confederation.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Confederation · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/otto-von-bismarck/": {"t": "Otto von Bismarck", "s": "Prussian statesman who unified Germany and became its first chancellor."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-ludendorff/": {"t": "Erich Ludendorff", "s": "German general and politician who dominated World War I strategy and later promoted nationalist myths.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/img/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/erich-ludendorff.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Erich Ludendorff · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/self-determination/": {"t": "Self-determination", "s": "A people's right to form its own political entity."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/referendum/": {"t": "Referendum", "s": "A direct vote by the electorate on a proposal or law."}, "/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/air-raids-on-japan/": {"t": "Air raids on Japan", "s": "Allied air raids on Japan from 1942 to 1945 caused extensive destruction and high civilian casualties, contributing to Japan's surrender.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/air-raids-on-japan.webp", "c": "FDR Presidential Library & Museum · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/plutonium/": {"t": "Plutonium", "s": "Plutonium is the element with the highest atomic number known to occur in nature."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-japanese-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Japanese War", "s": "Soviet campaign that helped end World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-japanese-war.webp", "c": "MBH · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-invasion-of-manchuria/": {"t": "Soviet invasion of Manchuria", "s": "Soviet offensive that helped end World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-invasion-of-manchuria.webp", "c": "Tazadeperla · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-cities/e/japanese-cities/kitakyushu/": {"t": "Kitakyushu", "s": "Industrial gateway city on Kyushu's northern tip."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-emergencies/e/medical-emergencies/acute-radiation-syndrome/": {"t": "Acute radiation syndrome", "s": "Acute radiation syndrome results from high-dose ionizing radiation exposure."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nuclear-fission/": {"t": "Nuclear fission", "s": "Nuclear fission splits atomic nuclei, releasing vast energy."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/isotope/": {"t": "Isotope", "s": "Atoms of same element differing in neutron number."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/new-mexico/": {"t": "New Mexico", "s": "Land of diverse cultures, history, and high desert."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/kyoto/": {"t": "Kyoto", "s": "The thousand-year capital of Japan, where imperial history and cultural heritage endure."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/isoroku-yamamoto/": {"t": "Isoroku Yamamoto", "s": "Admiral of the Imperial Japanese Navy and commander of the Combined Fleet during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/ch-ichi-nagumo/": {"t": "Chūichi Nagumo", "s": "Imperial Japanese Navy admiral who led the Pearl Harbor attack."}, "/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/republic-of-china-1912-1949/": {"t": "Republic of China (1912–1949)", "s": "First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949 retreat to Taiwan."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies/": {"t": "Dutch East Indies", "s": "Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia after war and negotiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies.webp", "c": "Roger Veringmeier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/fall-of-singapore/": {"t": "Fall of Singapore", "s": "Japan captured Singapore from Britain in February 1942.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/fall-of-singapore.webp", "c": "Moheen Reeyad · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/shipwrecks/e/famous-shipwrecks/uss-arizona/": {"t": "USS Arizona", "s": "Battleship sunk at Pearl Harbor; now a memorial."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/september-11-attacks/": {"t": "September 11 attacks", "s": "Coordinated al-Qaeda suicide hijackings killed nearly 3,000 people."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/japanese-invasion-of-manchuria/": {"t": "Japanese invasion of Manchuria", "s": "Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria after a staged false flag incident."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hirohito/": {"t": "Hirohito", "s": "Emperor of Japan from 1926 to 1989, reigning through war and reconstruction."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/the-holocaust/": {"t": "The Holocaust", "s": "The Holocaust, called the Shoah in Hebrew, refers to the systematic murder of European Jews carried out during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/man-s-search-for-meaning/": {"t": "Man's Search for Meaning", "s": "A psychologist's account of finding meaning in concentration camps."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland/": {"t": "Invasion of Poland", "s": "Joint invasion that started World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/invasion-of-poland.webp", "c": "The National Archives UK · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/german-occupied-europe/": {"t": "German-occupied Europe", "s": "Nazi Germany occupied most of Europe from 1938 to 1945.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/german-occupied-europe.webp", "c": "Wolfmann · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/romani-holocaust/": {"t": "Romani Holocaust", "s": "The systematic genocide of European Roma and Sinti by Nazi Germany.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/romani-holocaust.webp", "c": "Globetrotter19 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/german-atrocities-committed-against-soviet-prisoners-of-war/": {"t": "German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war", "s": "Soviet POWs suffered one of history's deadliest mass atrocities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/german-atrocities-committed-against-soviet-prisoners-of-war.webp", "c": "FOTO:Fortepan — ID 29158 : Adományozó/Donor: Unknown. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-infamy/e/crime-and-infamy/rudolf-h-ss/": {"t": "Rudolf Höss", "s": "Longest-serving commandant of Auschwitz and architect of mass extermination."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/elie-wiesel/": {"t": "Elie Wiesel", "s": "Holocaust survivor, Nobel laureate, and advocate for justice."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/wannsee-conference/": {"t": "Wannsee Conference", "s": "Nazi meeting coordinating the genocide of European Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-infamy/e/crime-and-infamy/reinhard-heydrich/": {"t": "Reinhard Heydrich", "s": "High-ranking Nazi official and key organizer of the Holocaust."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/part-1/galeazzo-ciano/": {"t": "Galeazzo Ciano", "s": "Italian foreign minister under Mussolini, executed for treason."}, "/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss/": {"t": "Anschluss", "s": "Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/anschluss.webp", "c": "Unknown author · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/economic-concepts/gross-domestic-product/": {"t": "Gross domestic product", "s": "Monetary measure of total market value of final goods and services."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/lebensraum/": {"t": "Lebensraum", "s": "German concept of living space driving expansion and genocide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/img/economic-and-social-concepts/lebensraum.webp", "c": "4028mdk09 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/allied-invasion-of-sicily/": {"t": "Allied invasion of Sicily", "s": "The Allied invasion of Sicily in July 1943 drove Axis forces from the island and opened the Mediterranean to Allied shipping.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/allied-invasion-of-sicily.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/italian-empire/": {"t": "Italian Empire", "s": "Italian colonial empire from 1882 to 1943, revived as trust until 1960.", "i": "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/img/colonialism-and-exploration/italian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Colonial empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/croatia/": {"t": "Croatia", "s": "A country in Central and Southeastern Europe on the Adriatic Sea, with a rich history and a modern high-income economy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/lemnos/": {"t": "Lemnos", "s": "Greek island in the northern Aegean, sacred to Hephaestus."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/peloponnese/": {"t": "Peloponnese", "s": "Southernmost peninsula of mainland Greece, cradle of Mycenaean civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/crete/": {"t": "Crete", "s": "Largest Greek island, centre of Minoan civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea/": {"t": "Aegean Sea", "s": "A historically important sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aegean-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aegean Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/society-and-culture/e/society-and-culture/romani-people/": {"t": "Romani people", "s": "Indo-Aryan ethnic group with nomadic traditions and global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/machine-gun/": {"t": "Machine gun", "s": "A fully automatic firearm for sustained direct fire support.", "i": "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/img/machine-guns/machine-gun.webp", "c": "Nafis Fuad Ayon · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/e/international-and-comparative-law/nuremberg-trials/": {"t": "Nuremberg trials", "s": "International trials of Nazi leaders for aggression and atrocities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/international-and-comparative-law/img/international-and-comparative-law/nuremberg-trials.webp", "c": "Office of the Military Government, United States · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/tel-aviv/": {"t": "Tel Aviv", "s": "The economic and technological center of Israel, a global high-tech hub."}, "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/e/government-and-public-administration/civil-service/": {"t": "Civil service", "s": "The backbone of government: impartial, professional, and permanent.", "i": "https://codexery.com/government-public-administration/img/government-and-public-administration/civil-service.webp", "c": "Harry Mitchell · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/national-diet/": {"t": "National Diet", "s": "Japan's bicameral legislature, supreme law-making organ of the state."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/unit-731/": {"t": "Unit 731", "s": "Imperial Japanese biological warfare unit that conducted mass human experimentation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/unit-731.webp", "c": "Gary Lee Todd, Ph.D. · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/land-reform/": {"t": "Land reform", "s": "Reforms altering land ownership, use, and tenure systems.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/img/economic-and-social-concepts/land-reform.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/smallpox/": {"t": "Smallpox", "s": "Eradicated viral disease that killed hundreds of millions."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-military-tribunal-for-the-far-east/": {"t": "International Military Tribunal for the Far East", "s": "Post-WWII tribunal for Japanese war crimes leaders."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-of-the-united-states/": {"t": "President of the United States", "s": "Head of state and government of the United States."}, "/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/treaty-of-san-francisco/": {"t": "Treaty of San Francisco", "s": "Ended WWII occupation and restored Japanese sovereignty."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/okinawa-prefecture/": {"t": "Okinawa Prefecture", "s": "Prefecture with a flag adopted October 13, 1972, featuring a red, white, and red emblem."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/japanese-war-crimes/": {"t": "Japanese war crimes", "s": "War crimes by Imperial Japan caused millions of deaths across Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/japanese-war-crimes.webp", "c": "No 9 Army Film & Photographic Unit. Morris, W A (Sergeant). Post-Work: User: · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/bolivia/": {"t": "Bolivia", "s": "A landlocked South American nation with diverse geography and a rich indigenous heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/ecuador/": {"t": "Ecuador", "s": "A megadiverse nation straddling the equator, from the Andes to the Galápagos."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/paraguay/": {"t": "Paraguay", "s": "A landlocked nation with a rich indigenous heritage and a resilient history."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/estado-novo-portugal/": {"t": "Estado Novo (Portugal)", "s": "Corporatist Portuguese state installed in 1933, ended by the Carnation Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-of-the-pacific/e/islands-of-the-pacific/bonin-islands/": {"t": "Bonin Islands", "s": "Isolated archipelago with unique evolution and contested colonial history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-of-the-pacific/img/islands-of-the-pacific/bonin-islands.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bonin Islands · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/territorial-disputes-in-the-south-china-sea/": {"t": "Territorial disputes in the South China Sea", "s": "Multiple nations contest islands and waters in the South China Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/taiwan-under-japanese-rule/": {"t": "Taiwan under Japanese rule", "s": "The period of Japanese rule over Taiwan began in 1895 after the Qing dynasty ceded Fujian-Taiwan Province to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, following Japan"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-icons/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-icons/sun-yat-sen/": {"t": "Sun Yat-sen", "s": "Founder of the Republic of China and the Kuomintang."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution/": {"t": "1911 Revolution", "s": "The uprising that ended millennia of imperial rule in China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1911 Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/manchu-people/": {"t": "Manchu people", "s": "Tungusic people who founded the Qing dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai/": {"t": "Yuan Shikai", "s": "Chinese general and statesman who briefly declared himself emperor.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/yuan-shikai.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yuan Shikai · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/one-party-state/": {"t": "One-party state", "s": "A system where only one party controls the ruling structure."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nanjing/": {"t": "Nanjing", "s": "Southern Capital on the Yangtze"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/chinese-civil-war/": {"t": "Chinese Civil War", "s": "Civil war between KMT and CCP, ending in Communist victory."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/retreat-of-the-government-of-the-republic-of-china-to-taiwan/": {"t": "Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan", "s": "Retreat of ROC government to Taiwan after civil war defeat."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/shanghai-massacre/": {"t": "Shanghai massacre", "s": "Violent suppression of communists in Shanghai by KMT forces.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/shanghai-massacre.webp", "c": "Internet Archive Book Images · No restrictions"}, "/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/trust-territory-of-the-pacific-islands/": {"t": "Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands", "s": "UN trust territory in Micronesia administered by the US from 1947 to 1994."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/imperatritsa/": {"t": "Imperatritsa", "s": "Russian feminine imperial title, equivalent to empress."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/northern-mariana-islands/": {"t": "Northern Mariana Islands", "s": "U.S. territory in the Pacific, settled by Austronesian peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/federated-states-of-micronesia/": {"t": "Federated States of Micronesia", "s": "An island country in the western Pacific, encompassing most of the Caroline Islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/federated-states-of-micronesia.webp", "c": "U.S. Navy photo by Petty Officer 1st Class William Spears · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/joseon/": {"t": "Joseon", "s": "A dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years, founded in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/qingdao/": {"t": "Qingdao", "s": "A historic port city blending German heritage with modern Chinese dynamism."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/img/states-and-regions/shandong.webp", "c": "Mary Harrsch · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea/": {"t": "New Guinea", "s": "The world's second-largest island, rich in biodiversity and cultural history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/new-guinea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German New Guinea · see source"}, "/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/south-seas-mandate/": {"t": "South Seas Mandate", "s": "Japanese League of Nations mandate over north Pacific islands."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/spatial-analysis-gis/e/spatial-analysis-and-gis/territory/": {"t": "Territory", "s": "A geographic area under external jurisdiction, not self-governing."}, "https://codexery.com/german-empire/e/german-empire/carolines-question/": {"t": "Carolines Question", "s": "An 1885 dispute between Germany and Spain over the Caroline Islands and Palau, resolved by papal arbitration."}, "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/e/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war/": {"t": "Spanish–American War", "s": "Conflict that ended Spanish empire and launched U.S. overseas power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/spanish-american-war.webp", "c": "Barbudo Barbudo and TEP · via Wikipedia: Spanish–American War · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/legislature/": {"t": "Legislature", "s": "A deliberative assembly with authority to make law."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/new-britain/": {"t": "New Britain", "s": "The largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago, shaped by volcanoes and history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/new-britain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solomon Islands (archipelago) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/port-moresby/": {"t": "Port Moresby", "s": "Capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/port-moresby.webp", "c": "United Kingdom Hydrographic Office · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-donne/": {"t": "John Donne", "s": "Metaphysical poet and Dean of St Paul's"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/enrico-fermi/": {"t": "Enrico Fermi", "s": "Architect of the nuclear age and the atomic bomb."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/edward-teller/": {"t": "Edward Teller", "s": "Hungarian-American physicist, father of the hydrogen bomb."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/john-von-neumann/": {"t": "John von Neumann", "s": "Mathematician who shaped quantum physics, computing, and nuclear strategy."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/neutron/": {"t": "Neutron", "s": "The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol n or n⁰, that carries no electric charge and has a mass slightly larger than that of a proton."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/eminent-domain/": {"t": "Eminent domain", "s": "Compulsory acquisition of private property for public use with compensation."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/drought/": {"t": "Drought", "s": "A period of drier-than-normal conditions with far-reaching impacts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/drought.webp", "c": "Cavaliere grande · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/holodomor/": {"t": "Holodomor", "s": "A man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine that killed millions."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/e/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin/": {"t": "Vladimir Lenin", "s": "First head of Soviet Russia and founder of Leninism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/img/leaders-of-revolution-and-independence/vladimir-lenin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vladimir Lenin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/joseph-stalin/": {"t": "Joseph Stalin", "s": "Soviet revolutionary and dictator who ruled from the mid-1920s until his death in 1953."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-leningrad/": {"t": "Siege of Leningrad", "s": "The 872-day blockade that starved a city."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-regions/e/russian-regions/saratov-oblast/": {"t": "Saratov Oblast", "s": "A Russian oblast in the Volga region with critical ecological challenges."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}}