World War Ii And Its Aftermath Codexery

Treaty of San Francisco

Ended WWII occupation and restored Japanese sovereignty.

Last updated

It came into force on April 28, 1952, ending the Allied occupation and returning full sovereignty to Japan.[1] The Allies' objectives were articulated in the treaty through its extensive reliance on the United Nations Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[1]

What happened

The treaty ended Japan's role as an imperial power and allocated compensation to Allied nations and former prisoners of war who suffered Japanese war crimes.[1] Of the 51 participating countries, 48 signed the treaty, while Czechoslovakia, Poland, and the Soviet Union refused.[2] The Soviet delegation, led by Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko, expressed vigorous opposition to the draft treaty from the start.[3] A parallel dispute over whether South Korea or North Korea represented the Korean people led to Korea also being excluded from the conference.[4]

Despite Italy's formal declaration of war against Japan on July 14, 1945, it was not extended an invitation to the conference.[5] The San Francisco System, which shapes Japan's post-war ties with the United States, was initiated by this treaty together with the Security Treaty signed on the same day.[6]

What the cited sources add

The treaty's travaux préparatoires show a consensus existed among states present that the legal status of Taiwan was temporarily undetermined, to be resolved later through peaceful settlement and self-determination principles enshrined in the UN Charter.[7][8] Article 3 of the treaty left the Bonin Islands, Volcano Islands, and Ryukyu Islands under a potential U.N. trusteeship, though that option was not pursued.[9][10] According to historian Rana Mitter, the absence of China at the table later played a significant role in the South China Sea dispute, making the establishment of shared norms between the United States and China impossible.[11][12] A Tokyo court's 1998 ruling used Article 16 of the treaty to block compensation lawsuits that former Allied prisoners of war had filed against Japan.[13]

The Hong Kong Reparation Association's 1993 claim for compensation regarding forcibly issued Japanese military yen was rejected by a Tokyo district court in 1999.[14]

References

  1. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Preamble and Article 5; Preamble (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  2. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Peace Treaties after World War II: Peace treaty signed in San Francisco, September 8, 1951. The History Channel; Foreign Office Files for Japan and the Far East 1951: September, Adam Matthew Publications (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  3. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: GROMYKO BIDS FAIL; A DRAMATIC MOMENT AT CONFERENCE SOVIET BLOC LOSES ALL PARLEY VOTES. New York Times, page 1, September 6, 1951; Text of Gromyko's Statement on the Peace Treaty. Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs website (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  4. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "San Francisco Peace Conference" (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  5. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Social Studies: History for Middle School. 7–2. Japan's Path and World Events p. 2, Teikoku Shoin; "Nehru and Non-alignment", P.V. Narasimha Rao, 2009-06-02; Singh, "Dr. Manmohan Singh's banquet speech in honour of Japanese Prime Minister", Prime Minister's Office, March 2022; "The World at War – Diplomatic Timeline 1939–1945", worldatwar.net (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  6. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Dower, "The San Francisco System: Past, Present, Future In U.S.-Japan-China Relations", The Asia-Pacific Journal, February 23, 2014 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  7. Open Library record, ISBN 9780190601126 ("U. S.-Taiwan-China Relationship in International Law and Policy"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
  8. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Chen, "The U.S.-Taiwan-China Relationship in International Law and Policy", Oxford University Press, 2016, p. 80 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  9. Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning Nanpo Shoto and Other Islands, 5 April 1968. facts only, no text reused. ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
  10. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Agreement between Japan and the United States of America Concerning Nanpo Shoto and Other Islands, 5 April 1968 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  11. Open Library record, ISBN 9780674984264 ("China's Good War"). CC0 (metadata); book content not read. openlibrary.org
  12. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: Mitter, "China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism", The Belknap of Harvard University Press, 2020, p. 60; Mitter, "China's good war : how World War II is shaping a new nationalism", The Belknap of Harvard University Press, 2020, p. 60 (we also read that source) en.wikipedia.org
  13. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: CNN – Anger as court rejects Allied POWs compensation suit – November 26, 1998 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org
  14. Wikipedia, "Treaty of San Francisco" (CC BY-SA 4.0), which cites: "Court rejects H.K. residents' claims on military yen", Kyodo News, June 21, 1999; Ng Yat Hing, "Letter to Prime Minister of Japan on 3 January 2006", Hong Kong Reparation Association, 3 January 2006 (original not read by us) en.wikipedia.org

Each numbered sentence above was checked against the source it cites before publication. Sentences citing Wikipedia adapt text from the English Wikipedia article Treaty of San Francisco (contributors), used under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is available under the same licence. Other sources were used for facts only; no text or images are copied from them.

Related entries

Named in this entry

Second World WarInternational Military Tribunal for the Far EastBoliviaEcuadorParaguaySaudi ArabiaEstado Novo (Portugal)Neutral country

More in World War Ii And Its Aftermath

Allied invasion of SicilyAir raids on JapanAir warfare of World War IIAktion T4Anglo-Soviet invasion of IranAnschlussAtomic bombings of Hiroshima and NagasakiAttack on Pearl HarborAuschwitz concentration campAxis powersBalkans campaign (World War II)Babi Yar

Sources

Compiled from Wikipedia and the sources listed below. Text from Wikipedia is available under CC BY-SA 4.0; this entry is adapted from it.

Spotted an error? Know more?

Reader corrections go straight into our review queue. Suggest an edit · How this site is sourced

Comments

Loading…
Open in the interactive codex →