{"https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/middle-ages/": {"t": "middle-ages", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/spatial-analysis-gis/e/part-1/region/": {"t": "region", "s": ""}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/bin-tepe/": {"t": "Bin Tepe", "s": "Ancient Lydian necropolis of over 100 tumuli near Sardis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/img/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/bin-tepe.webp", "c": "Volker Höhfeld · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia/": {"t": "Cappadocia", "s": "Historical region in central Turkey with unique rock formations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/img/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/cappadocia.webp", "c": "Peretz Partensky from San Francisco, USA · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/historic-areas-of-istanbul/": {"t": "Historic Areas of Istanbul", "s": "UNESCO World Heritage site in Fatih, Istanbul, Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/part-1/gothic-architecture/": {"t": "gothic-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/part-1/persians/": {"t": "persians", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/part-1/ashot-i-of-armenia/": {"t": "ashot-i-of-armenia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/part-1/caliphate/": {"t": "caliphate", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "achaemenid-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/basil-ii/": {"t": "Basil II", "s": "The Bulgar Slayer who expanded the Byzantine Empire to its greatest extent in four centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/seljuk-sultanate/": {"t": "Seljuk Sultanate", "s": "The Turco-Persian empire of the Oghuz Turks that stretched from Anatolia to the Hindu Kush."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-and-unifiers-of-asian-dynasties/e/part-1/alp-arslan/": {"t": "alp-arslan", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/part-1/kurds/": {"t": "kurds", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/part-1/world-war-i/": {"t": "world-war-i", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/part-1/second-world-war/": {"t": "second-world-war", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/part-1/silk-road/": {"t": "silk-road", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/part-1/anatolia/": {"t": "anatolia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/part-1/aegean-sea/": {"t": "aegean-sea", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/aphrodite/": {"t": "aphrodite", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/late-antiquity/": {"t": "late-antiquity", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/hellenistic-period/": {"t": "hellenistic-period", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/roman-empire/": {"t": "roman-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/part-1/fault-geology/": {"t": "fault-geology", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/part-1/catholic-church/": {"t": "catholic-church", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/ephesus/": {"t": "Ephesus", "s": "Ancient Greek city on the Ionian coast, home to the Temple of Artemis and a UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/part-1/theatre-of-ancient-greece/": {"t": "theatre-of-ancient-greece", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/augustus/": {"t": "Augustus", "s": "Founder of the Roman Empire and its first emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-m/e/part-1/malatya/": {"t": "malatya", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/part-1/uruk-period/": {"t": "uruk-period", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/part-1/the-hittites/": {"t": "the-hittites", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/part-1/the-scythians/": {"t": "the-scythians", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/part-1/mosque/": {"t": "mosque", "s": ""}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/gordion/": {"t": "Gordion", "s": "Capital of ancient Phrygia, preserved by a fire around 800 BCE."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/part-1/turkish-language/": {"t": "turkish-language", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/part-1/the-great-pyramid-of-giza/": {"t": "the-great-pyramid-of-giza", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/part-1/giza/": {"t": "giza", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/herodotus/": {"t": "Herodotus", "s": "The Father of History"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/part-1/histories-herodotus/": {"t": "histories-herodotus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/zeus/": {"t": "zeus", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/part-1/ibn-battuta/": {"t": "ibn-battuta", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/part-1/christianity/": {"t": "christianity", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/part-1/diocese/": {"t": "diocese", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/part-1/sunni-islam/": {"t": "sunni-islam", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/notable-buildings-and-monuments/e/part-1/hippodrome-of-constantinople/": {"t": "hippodrome-of-constantinople", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/part-1/hagia-sophia/": {"t": "hagia-sophia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-popes-cardinals/e/part-1/pope-benedict-xvi/": {"t": "pope-benedict-xvi", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/part-1/islamic-architecture/": {"t": "islamic-architecture", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/part-1/mihrab/": {"t": "mihrab", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-traditions-and-concepts/e/part-1/minbar/": {"t": "minbar", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/part-1/imam/": {"t": "imam", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/explorers-of-the-americas-and-pacific/e/part-1/evliya-elebi/": {"t": "evliya-elebi", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/part-1/quran/": {"t": "quran", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/part-1/jade/": {"t": "jade", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions/e/part-1/wudu/": {"t": "wudu", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/sculptures/e/part-1/relief/": {"t": "relief", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/part-1/black-sea/": {"t": "black-sea", "s": ""}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/churches-of-g-reme/": {"t": "Churches of Göreme", "s": "Rock-cut churches in Cappadocia with post-iconoclastic Byzantine frescoes."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/darius-the-great/": {"t": "Darius the Great", "s": "Third Achaemenid King of Kings who centralized the empire."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/xerxes-i/": {"t": "Xerxes I", "s": "Fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, invader of Greece."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/part-1/hittite-language/": {"t": "hittite-language", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/jewish-mythology/e/part-1/japheth/": {"t": "japheth", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/xenophon/": {"t": "Xenophon", "s": "Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian of the Ten Thousand"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/part-1/hattusa/": {"t": "hattusa", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alexander-the-great/": {"t": "Alexander the Great", "s": "King of Macedon who created a vast empire from Greece to India."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/eumenes/": {"t": "Eumenes", "s": "Greek general and loyalist of Alexander's dynasty", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/eumenes.webp", "c": "CNG Coins · via Wikipedia: Eumenes · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/part-1/antiochus-iii-the-great/": {"t": "antiochus-iii-the-great", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/part-1/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "seleucid-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/part-1/neolithic/": {"t": "neolithic", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/marriage-and-kinship/e/part-1/matrilineality/": {"t": "matrilineality", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/part-1/plaster/": {"t": "plaster", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-and-gems/e/part-1/ochre/": {"t": "ochre", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jericho/": {"t": "Jericho", "s": "Ancient city of Jericho, oasis in the Jordan Valley."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/part-1/malachite/": {"t": "malachite", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/part-1/marble/": {"t": "marble", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/part-1/schist/": {"t": "schist", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/part-1/basalt/": {"t": "basalt", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/part-1/paleolithic/": {"t": "paleolithic", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/part-1/tigris/": {"t": "tigris", "s": ""}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/fortifications-of-diyarbak-r/": {"t": "Fortifications of Diyarbakır", "s": "Widest and longest complete defensive walls after the Great Wall of China."}, "https://codexery.com/natural-disasters/e/part-1/2023-turkey-syria-earthquakes/": {"t": "2023-turkey-syria-earthquakes", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/uthman/": {"t": "Uthman", "s": "Third Rashidun caliph who standardized the Quran."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/part-1/urartu/": {"t": "urartu", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/medes/": {"t": "medes", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/part-1/parthian-empire/": {"t": "parthian-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/part-1/sassanid-empire/": {"t": "sassanid-empire", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/justinian-i/": {"t": "Justinian I", "s": "Roman emperor who codified Roman law and reconquered lost territories."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/procopius/": {"t": "Procopius", "s": "Principal historian of the 6th century, chronicler of Justinian's wars and scandals."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/heraclius/": {"t": "Heraclius", "s": "Byzantine emperor who defeated the Persians but lost newly regained lands to the Arab conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-cities/e/part-1/smyrna/": {"t": "smyrna", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/part-1/church-of-the-east/": {"t": "church-of-the-east", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/reformers-and-leaders-of-the-americas-an/e/part-1/al-mu-tadid/": {"t": "al-mu-tadid", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/part-1/safavid-dynasty/": {"t": "safavid-dynasty", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/part-1/lake-urmia/": {"t": "lake-urmia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/part-1/lake-van/": {"t": "lake-van", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/part-1/persian-language/": {"t": "persian-language", "s": ""}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/diyarbak-r/": {"t": "Diyarbakır", "s": "Ancient city on the Tigris, Kurdish cultural and political center."}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/hevsel-gardens/": {"t": "Hevsel Gardens", "s": "Cultivated terraces between Diyarbakır Fortress and the Tigris River."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/part-1/defensive-wall/": {"t": "defensive-wall", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/part-1/constantius-ii/": {"t": "constantius-ii", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/part-1/the-great-wall-of-china/": {"t": "the-great-wall-of-china", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/saladin/": {"t": "Saladin", "s": "Founder of the Ayyubid dynasty and sultan of Egypt and Syria."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/part-1/anthropomorphism/": {"t": "anthropomorphism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/part-1/neolithic-revolution/": {"t": "neolithic-revolution", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/food-and-drink/e/part-1/cereal/": {"t": "cereal", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/part-1/landslide/": {"t": "landslide", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/part-1/istanbul-university/": {"t": "istanbul-university", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/edible-fruits-and-nuts/e/part-1/pistachio/": {"t": "pistachio", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/part-1/pilgrimage/": {"t": "pilgrimage", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/part-1/escarpment/": {"t": "escarpment", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/part-1/abstract-art/": {"t": "abstract-art", "s": ""}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/atalh-y-k/": {"t": "Çatalhöyük", "s": "Neolithic proto-city in Anatolia, known for egalitarian structure."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/part-1/flint/": {"t": "flint", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/part-1/quarry/": {"t": "quarry", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/part-1/the-moai-of-easter-island/": {"t": "the-moai-of-easter-island", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-mysteries/e/part-1/stonehenge/": {"t": "stonehenge", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/part-1/phrygia/": {"t": "phrygia", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/part-1/iron-age/": {"t": "iron-age", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/eusebius/": {"t": "Eusebius", "s": "Historian of Christianity and bishop of Caesarea."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/part-1/sea-of-marmara/": {"t": "sea-of-marmara", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/part-1/remote-sensing/": {"t": "remote-sensing", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/part-1/basil-of-caesarea/": {"t": "basil-of-caesarea", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/part-1/christian-cross/": {"t": "christian-cross", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/part-1/lapis-lazuli/": {"t": "lapis-lazuli", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/christian-mythology/e/part-1/harrowing-of-hell/": {"t": "harrowing-of-hell", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/part-1/gospel/": {"t": "gospel", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/part-1/pentecost/": {"t": "pentecost", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/part-1/martyr/": {"t": "martyr", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantine-the-great/": {"t": "Constantine the Great", "s": "First Roman emperor to convert to Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/other-geographic-features/e/part-1/national-park/": {"t": "national-park", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/part-1/ramadan/": {"t": "ramadan", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-cities/e/part-1/tabriz/": {"t": "tabriz", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/abrahamic-religions-criticism/e/part-1/garden-of-eden/": {"t": "garden-of-eden", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-and-fluvial-geomorphology/e/part-1/braided-river/": {"t": "braided-river", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/common-plants-and-crops/e/part-1/morus-plant/": {"t": "morus-plant", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/part-1/stoicism/": {"t": "stoicism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/epictetus/": {"t": "Epictetus", "s": "Greek Stoic philosopher who taught control of one's own actions."}, "https://codexery.com/caves-and-karst-formations/e/part-1/pamukkale/": {"t": "pamukkale", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/part-1/hierapolis-sawmill/": {"t": "hierapolis-sawmill", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/catholic-saints-popes/e/part-1/philip-the-apostle/": {"t": "philip-the-apostle", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/hades/": {"t": "hades", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/persephone/": {"t": "persephone", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-universe/e/part-1/antiochus-i-soter/": {"t": "antiochus-i-soter", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/part-1/judaism/": {"t": "judaism", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/traditional-alternative-medicine/e/part-1/ancient-greek-medicine/": {"t": "ancient-greek-medicine", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/heracles/": {"t": "heracles", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rape-victims/e/part-1/auge/": {"t": "auge", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hadrian/": {"t": "Hadrian", "s": "Roman emperor from 117 to 138, builder of Hadrian's Wall and a promoter of philhellenism."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-the-byzantine-and-roman-worl/e/part-1/caracalla/": {"t": "caracalla", "s": ""}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/little-hagia-sophia/": {"t": "Little Hagia Sophia", "s": "Early Byzantine church, later mosque, second only to Hagia Sophia."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/part-1/topkap-palace/": {"t": "topkap-palace", "s": ""}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/blue-mosque-istanbul/": {"t": "Blue Mosque, Istanbul", "s": "Ottoman imperial mosque known for its blue Iznik tile interior.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/img/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/blue-mosque-istanbul.webp", "c": "Slyronit · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/ares/": {"t": "ares", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/apollo/": {"t": "apollo", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/helios/": {"t": "helios", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/part-1/hermes/": {"t": "hermes", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/part-1/iconoclasm/": {"t": "iconoclasm", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/part-1/jupiter/": {"t": "jupiter", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/mercury-planet/": {"t": "mercury-planet", "s": ""}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/part-1/mars/": {"t": "mars", "s": ""}, "/e/world-heritage-sites-in-turkey/aphrodisias/": {"t": "Aphrodisias", "s": "Ancient city of Aphrodite, once metropolis of Caria, now a UNESCO World Heritage site."}}