{"https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/nashville-tennessee/": {"t": "Nashville, Tennessee", "s": "Capital of Tennessee, major music and healthcare hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/img/cities-and-urban-areas/nashville-tennessee.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nashville, Tennessee · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionary-leaders-icons/e/revolutionary-leaders-and-icons/theodore-dwight-weld/": {"t": "Theodore Dwight Weld", "s": "Architect of the American abolitionist movement and co-author of a key compendium."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/southern-united-states/": {"t": "Southern United States", "s": "The Southern United States: a diverse region defined by history, culture, and climate, from the Atlantic to the Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/manslaughter/": {"t": "Manslaughter", "s": "Homicide less culpable than murder, distinguished by state of mind."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/filipino-language/": {"t": "Filipino language", "s": "The national language of the Philippines, based on Tagalog."}, "https://codexery.com/clothing-and-accessories/e/clothing-and-accessories/belt-clothing/": {"t": "Belt (clothing)", "s": "A flexible band or strap worn around the waist, used to secure clothing or as a fashion accessory."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/punishment/": {"t": "Punishment", "s": "Punishment is an imposed response to norm-breaking."}, "https://codexery.com/pain/e/pain/caning/": {"t": "Caning", "s": "A rattan cane used for judicial and school corporal punishment."}, "/e/whipping/caning-in-malaysia/": {"t": "Caning in Malaysia", "s": "A legacy of British colonial rule, used in four contexts."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/extortion/": {"t": "Extortion", "s": "Obtaining benefit through coercion by threat of harm."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hassanal-bolkiah/": {"t": "Hassanal Bolkiah", "s": "Sultan of Brunei since 1967, absolute monarch and head of state.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hassanal-bolkiah.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hassanal Bolkiah · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sharia/": {"t": "Sharia", "s": "Islamic divine law based on the Qur'an and hadith, distinct from fiqh."}, "/e/whipping/flogging/": {"t": "Flogging", "s": "Flogging is the act of beating with whips, often as punishment."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/english-inventions/e/english-inventions/cat-o-nine-tails/": {"t": "Cat o' nine tails", "s": "A multi-tailed whip used for naval and judicial punishment."}, "https://codexery.com/relationships-and-human-sexuality/e/relationships-and-human-sexuality/prostitution/": {"t": "Prostitution", "s": "Sex work involving payment for sexual activity, with varied legal statuses worldwide."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/bribery/": {"t": "Bribery", "s": "Bribery is the corrupt exchange of favors for official action."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/vandalism/": {"t": "Vandalism", "s": "Deliberate destruction or defacement of property."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/hiv/": {"t": "HIV", "s": "Retrovirus causing AIDS, transmitted via bodily fluids."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/plea-bargain/": {"t": "Plea bargain", "s": "A legal arrangement exchanging a guilty plea for prosecutorial concessions."}, "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/e/provinces-of-indonesia/aceh/": {"t": "Aceh", "s": "The westernmost province of Indonesia, a historically independent sultanate and the birthplace of Islam in Southeast Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/provinces-of-indonesia/img/provinces-of-indonesia/aceh.webp", "c": "Tinta Emas Historia Network · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/amritsar/": {"t": "Amritsar", "s": "Second-largest city in Punjab, holy site of Sikhism."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/salvation/": {"t": "Salvation", "s": "State of being saved from harm or sin."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/bergamo/": {"t": "Bergamo", "s": "City of two centers, UNESCO walls, and the 'City of the Thousand.'"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-black-death/": {"t": "The Black Death", "s": "The deadliest pandemic in recorded history, the Black Death reshaped Europe and the Middle East.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/img/great-collapses/the-black-death.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "/e/whipping/knout/": {"t": "Knout", "s": "A Russian whip used for cattle prodding and corporal punishment."}, "https://codexery.com/sexual-practices-identities/e/sexual-practices-and-identities/sadomasochism/": {"t": "Sadomasochism", "s": "Pleasure derived from inflicting or receiving pain or humiliation."}, "/e/whipping/foot-whipping/": {"t": "Foot whipping", "s": "A painful disciplinary method targeting the soles of the feet."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/e/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hafez-al-assad/": {"t": "Hafez al-Assad", "s": "Syrian president who consolidated absolute power over three decades.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-middle-eastern-monarchs-strongmen/img/asian-and-middle-eastern-monarchs-and-strongmen/hafez-al-assad.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/torture/": {"t": "Torture", "s": "Torture is the deliberate infliction of severe pain or suffering.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/img/crime-and-deviance/torture.webp", "c": "Silar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-inventions/e/iranian-inventions/crucifixion/": {"t": "Crucifixion", "s": "Ancient method of execution used in Persia, Carthage, and Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-theology/e/christian-theology/crucifixion-of-jesus/": {"t": "Crucifixion of Jesus", "s": "Jesus was crucified by Romans in 1st-century Judaea."}, "https://codexery.com/blood-disorders/e/blood-disorders/hypovolemia/": {"t": "Hypovolemia", "s": "Abnormally low extracellular fluid volume, distinct from dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/horace/": {"t": "Horace", "s": "Leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/livy/": {"t": "Livy", "s": "Roman historian who wrote Ab Urbe Condita, a monumental history of Rome from its founding through the reign of Augustus."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/suetonius/": {"t": "Suetonius", "s": "Roman historian and biographer of the Twelve Caesars"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/josephus/": {"t": "Josephus", "s": "Roman–Jewish historian and military leader, author of The Jewish War and Antiquities of the Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/cicero/": {"t": "Cicero", "s": "Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who shaped Latin rhetoric and thought."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/saudi-arabia/": {"t": "Saudi Arabia", "s": "The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: a land of ancient heritage, vast deserts, and global influence.", "i": "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/img/honours/saudi-arabia.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Saudi Arabia at the FIFA World Cup · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/capital-punishment/": {"t": "Capital punishment", "s": "State-sanctioned killing as punishment for misconduct."}, "https://codexery.com/wolves-in-folklore-religion-and/e/wolves-in-folklore-religion-and-mythology/lupercalia/": {"t": "Lupercalia", "s": "Ancient Roman pastoral festival of purification and fertility."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/legendary-progenitors/e/legendary-progenitors/cybele/": {"t": "Cybele", "s": "Anatolian mother goddess adopted by Greeks and Romans as Magna Mater."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/christian-denomination/": {"t": "Christian denomination", "s": "A distinct religious body within Christianity, identifiable by doctrine and history."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-sacred-texts/e/christian-sacred-texts/bible/": {"t": "Bible", "s": "Anthology of sacred texts for Judaism and Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/swedish-language/": {"t": "Swedish language", "s": "North Germanic language spoken in Sweden and parts of Finland."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/germanic-languages/": {"t": "Germanic languages", "s": "Branch of Indo-European including English, German, Dutch, and Scandinavian languages."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Nicholas I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia known for autocratic rule, territorial expansion, and suppression of dissent."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-justice/e/crime-and-justice/stalking/": {"t": "Stalking", "s": "Unwanted repeated surveillance or contact causing fear or intimidation."}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/minor-law/": {"t": "Minor (law)", "s": "A minor is a person under the age of majority."}, "https://codexery.com/arab-inventions/e/arab-inventions/madrasa/": {"t": "Madrasa", "s": "An Arabic term for any educational institution, historically a college of Islamic law."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/imam/": {"t": "Imam", "s": "Islamic leadership role with differing Sunni and Shia interpretations."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/bail/": {"t": "Bail", "s": "Bail secures release while ensuring court appearance."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/arrest-warrant/": {"t": "Arrest warrant", "s": "A court-authorized order for arrest or search, with procedures varying by jurisdiction."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/jewish-insurgency-in-mandatory-palestine/": {"t": "Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine", "s": "Zionist militias fought British rule over immigration restrictions."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/tel-aviv/": {"t": "Tel Aviv", "s": "The economic and technological center of Israel, a global high-tech hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/injury/": {"t": "Injury", "s": "Physiological damage with shared ancient response across eukaryotes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/injury.webp", "c": "Doug Beckers from Cardiff NSW, Australia · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/christian-fundamentalism/": {"t": "Christian fundamentalism", "s": "A Protestant movement emphasizing biblical literalism and core doctrines."}, "https://codexery.com/criminal-law-and-procedure/e/criminal-law-and-procedure/life-imprisonment/": {"t": "Life imprisonment", "s": "A sentence of imprisonment for the remainder of a convict's natural life."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/jehovah-s-witnesses/": {"t": "Jehovah's Witnesses", "s": "A nontrinitarian, millenarian Christian denomination known for evangelism, refusal of military service and blood transfusions, and shunning of former members."}, "https://codexery.com/us-cities/e/us-cities/tallahassee-florida/": {"t": "Tallahassee, Florida", "s": "Capital of Florida, college town, and historic center of government.", "i": "https://codexery.com/us-cities/img/us-cities/tallahassee-florida.webp", "c": "Bill · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-etruscans/": {"t": "The Etruscans", "s": "Ancient Italian civilization of city-states with a distinct language and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/tarquinia/": {"t": "Tarquinia", "s": "Home to some of the world's most important Etruscan painted tombs."}, "https://codexery.com/as-roma/e/stadiums/lazio-region/": {"t": "Lazio Region", "s": "The home of the Yellow and Reds, where the Derby della Capitale defines Roman football."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/dionysus/": {"t": "Dionysus", "s": "God of wine, theatre, and ecstatic liberation."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/ancient-greek-art/": {"t": "Ancient Greek art", "s": "Ancient Greek art developed naturalistic human depictions and influential architectural conventions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/img/art-movements-and-styles/ancient-greek-art.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ancient Greek art · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/erasmus/": {"t": "Erasmus", "s": "Dutch humanist and theologian, key figure of the Northern Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-clement-viii/": {"t": "Pope Clement VIII", "s": "Pope who reconciled Henry IV and approved coffee."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/thomas-cranmer/": {"t": "Thomas Cranmer", "s": "Archbishop of Canterbury who shaped the English Reformation and wrote the Book of Common Prayer."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/henry-viii/": {"t": "Henry VIII", "s": "King of England (1509–1547) and Ireland (1542–1547), known for his six marriages and the English Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-donne/": {"t": "John Donne", "s": "Metaphysical poet and Dean of St Paul's"}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/medication/": {"t": "Medication", "s": "Substance used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/medication.webp", "c": "Samsule2 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/exegesis/": {"t": "Exegesis", "s": "Critical interpretation of texts, from Bible to ancient cuneiform."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/walter-scott/": {"t": "Walter Scott", "s": "Scottish novelist, poet, and historian; creator of the Waverley novels.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/walter-scott.webp", "c": "Thomas Lawrence · via Wikipedia: Walter Scott · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/people-of-stirling-castle/e/people-of-stirling-castle/george-buchanan/": {"t": "George Buchanan", "s": "Sixteenth-century Scottish historian and humanist scholar."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/mark-twain/": {"t": "Mark Twain", "s": "American writer, humorist, and essayist, author of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/edward-vi/": {"t": "Edward VI", "s": "King of England and Ireland, first Protestant monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/e/science-fiction-and-fantasy-writers/george-r-r-martin/": {"t": "George R.R. Martin", "s": "American author of A Song of Ice and Fire."}, "https://codexery.com/giants-in-popular-culture/e/giants-in-popular-culture/a-song-of-ice-and-fire/": {"t": "A Song of Ice and Fire", "s": "A high fantasy series of political realism and moral ambiguity."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/imperial-examination/": {"t": "Imperial examination", "s": "The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China, selecting bureaucrats by merit from the Sui dynasty until its abolition in 19", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/imperial-examination.webp", "c": "Francisco Anzola · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/investigative-journalists-and-editors/e/investigative-journalists-and-editors/thomas-wakley/": {"t": "Thomas Wakley", "s": "English surgeon, reformer, and founding editor of The Lancet."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-wellesley-1st-duke-of-wellington/": {"t": "Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington", "s": "British field marshal and prime minister who defeated Napoleon at Waterloo."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom/": {"t": "House of Commons of the United Kingdom", "s": "Elected lower house of the UK Parliament, holding government to account.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/house-of-commons-of-the-united-kingdom.webp", "c": "©UK Parliament/Jessica Taylor · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/george-iv/": {"t": "George IV", "s": "Extravagant king and regent whose reign was tarnished by scandal."}}