{"https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/john-king-of-england/": {"t": "John, King of England", "s": "King of England who sealed Magna Carta and lost the Angevin Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/duchy-of-normandy/": {"t": "Duchy of Normandy", "s": "The Viking-founded duchy whose dukes became kings of England."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/house-of-capet/": {"t": "House of Capet", "s": "The direct Capetian kings who ruled France from 987 to 1328."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/characters/henry-ii-of-england/": {"t": "Henry II of England", "s": "First Plantagenet king of England and ruler of the Angevin Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-ix-of-france/": {"t": "Louis IX of France", "s": "Saint Louis, the monk king who led crusades and reformed justice."}, "https://codexery.com/french-folklore/e/french-folklore/eustace-the-monk/": {"t": "Eustace the Monk", "s": "French pirate and mercenary of the early 13th century."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/friesland/": {"t": "Friesland", "s": "Northern Dutch province, home of the Frisian people."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/house-habsburg/": {"t": "House of Habsburg", "s": "The House of Austria, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/frisia/": {"t": "Frisia", "s": "Cross-border cultural region of the Frisian people in Northwestern Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/frisia.webp", "c": "Gouwenaar · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/charles-v-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Charles V inherited and then led the rising House of Habsburg, ruling a vast collection of European and American territories that became the first realm describ"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/kingdom-of-hungary/": {"t": "Kingdom of Hungary", "s": "The Árpád kingdom founded by Stephen I around 1000."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/matthias-corvinus/": {"t": "Matthias Corvinus", "s": "King of Hungary and Croatia, elected King of Bohemia, Duke of Austria."}, "https://codexery.com/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/e/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/holy-crown-of-hungary/": {"t": "Holy Crown of Hungary", "s": "Coronation crown of the Kingdom of Hungary, symbol of royal legitimacy."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Bohemia", "s": "A medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe, predecessor of the modern Czech Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/prague/": {"t": "Prague", "s": "City of a Hundred Spires"}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-burgundy/": {"t": "Duchy of Burgundy", "s": "A medieval duchy of the Kingdom of France, ruled by dukes from 918, later a core of the Burgundian State."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/prince-elector/": {"t": "Prince-elector", "s": "Electors chose the emperor and held unique imperial privileges."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-residences-in-austria/e/imperial-residences-in-austria/hofburg/": {"t": "Hofburg", "s": "Former Habsburg imperial palace, now Austrian presidential seat."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/vienna/": {"t": "Vienna", "s": "Capital on the Danube, heart of Austria"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/lower-austria/": {"t": "Lower Austria", "s": "Largest Austrian state by area, second-most-populous, capital Sankt Pölten since 1986.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/lower-austria.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lower Austria · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/maximilian-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor from 1564; his rule was shaped by the confessionalisation process after the 1555 Peace of Augsburg.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/maximilian-i-holy-roman-emperor.webp", "c": "Albrecht Dürer · via Wikipedia: Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/anna-of-bohemia-and-hungary/": {"t": "Anna of Bohemia and Hungary", "s": "Queen consort of Bohemia and Hungary, mother of an emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/ferdinand-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who centralized Habsburg rule and resisted Ottoman advances."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bratislava/": {"t": "Bratislava", "s": "Capital of Slovakia, historic coronation city of Hungarian kings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/img/cities-of-the-world/bratislava.webp", "c": "Lukáš Perný · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy.webp", "c": "ThrashedParanoid and Peregrine981. · via Wikipedia: Habsburg monarchy · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/leopold-i-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who continued the War of the Spanish Succession and established Austrian hegemony over Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/brandenburg/": {"t": "Brandenburg", "s": "Landlocked German state surrounding Berlin, core of historic Prussia."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "/e/wars-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/great-turkish-war/": {"t": "Great Turkish War", "s": "A coalition war that ended Ottoman expansion in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French 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French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/english-language/": {"t": "English language", "s": "A West Germanic language that became the world's lingua franca."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/grisons/": {"t": "Grisons", "s": "Switzerland's largest, easternmost, and only trilingual canton."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-savoy/": {"t": "Duchy of Savoy", "s": "A composite monarchy of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1416 to 1847."}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-thirty-years-war/": {"t": "The Thirty Years' War", "s": "A devastating Central European conflict driven by religion and dynastic rivalry."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/referendum/": {"t": "Referendum", "s": "A direct vote by the electorate on a proposal or law."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/holy-roman-empire/": {"t": "Holy Roman Empire", "s": "The decentralised empire of Central Europe that lasted from 800 or 962 to 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-milan/": {"t": "Duchy of Milan", "s": "A major Renaissance state contested by Habsburgs and France."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-switzerland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-switzerland/val-m-stair/": {"t": "Val Müstair", "s": "Swiss Alpine valley with a World Heritage convent."}, "https://codexery.com/castles/e/castles/prague-castle/": {"t": "Prague Castle", "s": "The largest ancient castle in the world, seat of Czech presidents."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-cologne/": {"t": "Electorate of Cologne", "s": "Ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/north-rhine-westphalia/": {"t": "North Rhine-Westphalia", "s": "The most populous state in Germany, home to the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/eighty-years-war/": {"t": "Eighty Years' War", "s": "The Eighty Years' War: A struggle for independence and religious freedom in the Habsburg Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/french-wars-of-religion/": {"t": "French Wars of Religion", "s": "The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars fought between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots from 1562 to 1598."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/henry-iii-of-france/": {"t": "Henry III of France", "s": "King of France and Poland, assassinated during the Wars of Religion."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/e/people-with-m-ni-re-s-disease/martin-luther/": {"t": "Martin Luther", "s": "German theologian who initiated the Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-concepts-doctrines/e/legal-concepts-and-doctrines/excommunication/": {"t": "Excommunication", "s": "Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure limiting membership and communion."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/lutheranism/": {"t": "Lutheranism", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism arising from Martin Luther's efforts to reform the Catholic Church."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/nepotism/": {"t": "Nepotism", "s": "Favoring family in positions of power, from papal courts to Hollywood."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/justification-theology/": {"t": "Justification (theology)", "s": "Theological doctrine on how sinners become righteous before God."}, "https://codexery.com/theology-and-religious-concepts/e/theology-and-religious-concepts/ecumenism/": {"t": "Ecumenism", "s": "Movement for cooperation and unity among Christian denominations."}, "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/e/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/menno-simons/": {"t": "Menno Simons", "s": "Former Catholic priest who became a leading Anabaptist reformer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/img/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/menno-simons.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Menno Simons · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/e/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/john-calvin/": {"t": "John Calvin", "s": "French theologian and reformer, key figure in Calvinism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/img/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/john-calvin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: John Calvin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/huldrych-zwingli/": {"t": "Huldrych Zwingli", "s": "Swiss theologian and leader of the Reformation in Switzerland."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/e/world-heritage-sites-in-germany/eisleben/": {"t": "Eisleben", "s": "Town in Saxony-Anhalt, birthplace and death place of Martin Luther."}, "https://codexery.com/eighty-years-war/e/eighty-years-war/army-of-flanders/": {"t": "Army of Flanders", "s": "A pioneering early modern standing army of the Spanish Habsburgs."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/corsica/": {"t": "Corsica", "s": "Mediterranean island, French region with growing nationalist movement."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-genoa/": {"t": "Republic of Genoa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic and major European financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-pisa/": {"t": "Republic of Pisa", "s": "A medieval maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for a century."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/feudalism/": {"t": "Feudalism", "s": "A system of land-for-service obligations in medieval Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/french-revolutionary-wars/": {"t": "French Revolutionary Wars", "s": "The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major military conflicts sparked by the French Revolution, lasting from 1792 to 1802."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/boles-aw-i-the-brave/": {"t": "Bolesław I the Brave", "s": "First King of Poland, unifier and expander of the realm."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/casimir-i-the-restorer/": {"t": "Casimir I the Restorer", "s": "Duke of Poland who restored unity after a period of chaos."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/moravia/": {"t": "Moravia", "s": "A historical land in the east of the Czech Republic, named after the Morava river."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/prussia-region/": {"t": "Prussia (region)", "s": "Historical Baltic region, origin of the Prussian state."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/conrad-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "First Salian emperor who united Germany, Italy, and Burgundy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/saxony/": {"t": "Saxony", "s": "A German state with a long history as duchy, electorate, and kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "/e/wars-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/german-hungarian-war-1030-1031/": {"t": "German–Hungarian War 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Poland, founder of the unified Polish state."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/e/architectural-styles-and-elements/romanesque-architecture/": {"t": "Romanesque architecture", "s": "First pan-European architectural style since Imperial Roman architecture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-elements/img/architectural-styles-and-elements/romanesque-architecture.webp", "c": "Txllxt TxllxT · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/fasting/": {"t": "Fasting", "s": "Fasting: from metabolic state to religious ritual and political protest."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-poland/krak-w/": {"t": "Kraków", "s": "Historic royal capital and UNESCO World Heritage city in southern Poland."}, "https://codexery.com/people-executed-by-crucifixion/e/people-executed-by-crucifixion/saint-peter/": {"t": "Saint Peter", "s": "Apostle of Jesus, crucified 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1250-1517."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/alsace/": {"t": "Alsace", "s": "A border region blending German and French cultures, historically contested."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/kingdom-of-sicily/": {"t": "Kingdom of Sicily", "s": "A medieval kingdom spanning Sicily, southern Italy, and briefly North Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/genoa/": {"t": "Genoa", "s": "Capital of Liguria and historic maritime republic on the Gulf of Genoa."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/crown-of-aragon/": {"t": "Crown of Aragon", "s": "A medieval Mediterranean thalassocracy of autonomous realms under one king."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/e/world-heritage-sites-in-israel/acre-israel/": {"t": "Acre, Israel", "s": "Ancient port city, Crusader bastion, and UNESCO World Heritage Site."}, "https://codexery.com/relics-associated-with-jesus/e/relics-associated-with-jesus/church-of-the-holy-sepulchre/": {"t": "Church of the Holy Sepulchre", "s": "Holiest Christian site, housing Calvary and Jesus's tomb."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/tunis/": {"t": "Tunis", "s": "Capital of Tunisia, historic city on the Gulf of Tunis."}, "/e/wars-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/guelders-wars/": {"t": "Guelders Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts ending Habsburg control of the Low Countries."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/reformation/": {"t": "Reformation", "s": "A 16th-century movement that challenged Catholic authority and birthed Protestantism."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/bremen-state/": {"t": "Bremen (state)", "s": "Smallest German state, a historic Hanseatic city and port."}, "https://codexery.com/pirates/e/pirates/letters-of-marque/": {"t": "Letters of marque", "s": "Government license authorizing privateers to attack enemy ships."}, "https://codexery.com/eighty-years-war/e/eighty-years-war/war-of-the-j-lich-succession/": {"t": "War of the Jülich Succession", "s": "A succession war tied to the Eighty Years' War and religious conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/eighty-years-war/e/eighty-years-war/united-duchies-of-j-lich-cleves-berg/": {"t": "United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg", "s": "A Holy Roman Empire union of three duchies, ended by succession war."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-ii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Catholic emperor whose policies intensified the Thirty Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/eighty-years-war/e/eighty-years-war/o-ate-treaty/": {"t": "Oñate treaty", "s": "Secret Habsburg pact allocating territories and succession rights."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electoral-palatinate/": {"t": "Electoral Palatinate", "s": "A key electoral state of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/sons-of-emperors/e/sons-of-emperors/albert-vii-of-austria/": {"t": "Albert VII of Austria", "s": "Archduke of Austria and co-sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/e/visual-artists/peter-paul-rubens/": {"t": "Peter Paul Rubens", "s": "Flemish artist and diplomat, the most influential artist of the Flemish Baroque tradition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/peter-paul-rubens.webp", "c": "Peter Paul Rubens · via Wikipedia: Peter Paul Rubens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/e/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/spanish-america/": {"t": "Spanish America", "s": "Spanish territories in the Americas under crown rule from the 15th to 19th centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/img/spanish-colonization-of-the-americas/spanish-america.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Spanish America · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xiii/": {"t": "Louis XIII", "s": "King of France and Navarre, known for ending noble revolts and establishing the Académie française with Cardinal Richelieu."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/lotharingia/": {"t": "Lotharingia", "s": "Early medieval kingdom and duchy named after King Lothair II."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/aachen/": {"t": "Aachen", "s": "Charlemagne's royal residence, the cradle of Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/world/paris/": {"t": "Paris", "s": "Capetian capital on the Seine."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/adelaide-of-italy/": {"t": "Adelaide of Italy", "s": "Holy Roman Empress, regent, and first consors regni."}, "https://codexery.com/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/e/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/hugh-capet/": {"t": "Hugh Capet", "s": "Founder of the Capetian dynasty and King of the Franks.", "i": "https://codexery.com/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/img/characters-in-the-divine-comedy/hugh-capet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hugh Capet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/e/mothers-of-holy-roman-emperors/theophanu/": {"t": "Theophanu", "s": "Byzantine-born empress and regent of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/peace-of-westphalia/": {"t": "Peace of Westphalia", "s": "The Peace of Westphalia, known in German as the Westfälischer Friede, refers to two separate peace treaties signed in October 1648 in the Westphalian cities of "}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/northern-italy/": {"t": "Northern Italy", "s": "Northern Italy: economic core and cultural heart of the country."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/rhineland/": {"t": "Rhineland", "s": "Loosely defined German region along the Rhine, industrial heartland."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Tom Lemmens · via Wikipedia: Flanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/pyrenees/": {"t": "Pyrenees", "s": "Mountain range forming the France–Spain border.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/img/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/pyrenees.webp", "c": "The original uploader was Nhamblen at English Wikipedia. · via Wikipedia: Pyrenees · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/house-of-bourbon/": {"t": "House of Bourbon", "s": "European dynasty ruling France, Spain, and other kingdoms since the 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/overseas-empires/e/overseas-empires/colonial-empire/": {"t": "Colonial empire", "s": "States that establish and maintain colonies overseas or contiguously."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/ferdinand-iii-holy-roman-emperor/": {"t": "Ferdinand III, Holy Roman Emperor", "s": "Holy Roman Emperor who pursued lenient policies to end the Thirty Years' War."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/pomerania/": {"t": "Pomerania", "s": "A historical Baltic region split between Poland and Germany, known for its coastal lowlands, lakes, and islands."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/lombardy/": {"t": "Lombardy", "s": "The most populous region of Italy, second-most populous in the EU, and a global centre for business, fashion, and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-brittany/": {"t": "Duchy of Brittany", "s": "A medieval duchy on the northwestern peninsula of France, never part of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/european-medieval-monarchs/e/european-medieval-monarchs/charles-viii-of-france/": {"t": "Charles VIII of France", "s": "King of France who invaded Italy and married Anne of Brittany."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nantes/": {"t": "Nantes", "s": "City of the Dukes of Brittany on the Loire"}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-nobility/e/monarchs-and-nobility/louis-xii/": {"t": "Louis XII", "s": "King of France who reduced taxes and reformed law."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/england/": {"t": "England", "s": "Land of the Angles, birthplace of football and the Industrial Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/ottonian-dynasty/": {"t": "Ottonian dynasty", "s": "The Ottonian dynasty, a Saxon line of German monarchs, ruled from 919 to 1024."}, "https://codexery.com/castrated-people/e/castrated-people/jarom-r-duke-of-bohemia/": {"t": "Jaromír, Duke of Bohemia", "s": "Castrated by his brother, he ruled Bohemia intermittently."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/oder/": {"t": "Oder", "s": "Central European river forming part of the Oder–Neisse line.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/oder.webp", "c": "H Runge · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/benedictines/": {"t": "Benedictines", "s": "Oldest Latin Church order, following the Rule of Saint Benedict."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/byzantine-empire/": {"t": "Byzantine Empire", "s": "The Eastern Roman Empire, ruled from Constantinople until 1453."}, "https://codexery.com/people-with-speech-disorders/e/people-with-speech-disorders/hermann-of-reichenau/": {"t": "Hermann of Reichenau", "s": "11th-century Benedictine monk, scholar, and hymn writer."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/humanism/": {"t": "Humanism", "s": "A philosophy centered on human agency, reason, and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/the-crusades/": {"t": "The Crusades", "s": "Papal wars of 1095-1291 to win and hold the Holy Land."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/morava-river/": {"t": "Morava (river)", "s": "Central European river, main watercourse of Moravia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/morava-river.webp", "c": "Pavel Hrdlička (Czech Wikipedia user Packa ) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/mary-mother-of-jesus/": {"t": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "s": "First-century Jewish woman, mother of Jesus, venerated in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/e/state-ritual-and-ceremonies/hungarian-crown-jewels/": {"t": "Hungarian crown jewels", "s": "Regalia of the Apostolic Monarch of Hungary, partly early medieval."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/polish-lithuanian-commonwealth/": {"t": "Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth", "s": "A semi-federal, semi-confederal real union of Poland and Lithuania created in 1569."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/bohdan-khmelnytsky/": {"t": "Bohdan Khmelnytsky", "s": "Ruthenian nobleman and Cossack leader who sparked a major uprising against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mehmed-iv/": {"t": "Mehmed IV", "s": "The Hunter Sultan who oversaw the Köprülü era and the height of Ottoman expansion in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Central Powers, 1914–1918."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/hungary/": {"t": "Hungary", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich history, from the Kingdom of Hungary to EU membership."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/croatia/": {"t": "Croatia", "s": "A country in Central and Southeastern Europe on the Adriatic Sea, with a rich history and a modern high-income economy."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/sava/": {"t": "Sava", "s": "Longest tributary of the Danube, flowing through four countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/img/rivers-of-europe/sava.webp", "c": "Petar Milošević · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube/": {"t": "Danube", "s": "Europe's second-longest river, a historic frontier and trade route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/danube.webp", "c": "Visions of Domino · via Wikipedia: Danube · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/kosovo/": {"t": "Kosovo", "s": "Landlocked Southeast European country with partial diplomatic recognition."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/kara-mustafa-pasha/": {"t": "Kara Mustafa Pasha", "s": "Ottoman grand vizier who led the siege of Vienna in 1683", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/kara-mustafa-pasha.webp", "c": "Rijksmuseum · via Wikipedia: Kara Mustafa Pasha · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/charge-warfare/": {"t": "Charge (warfare)", "s": "A decisive shock attack advancing at best speed into close combat."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/prince-eugene-of-savoy/": {"t": "Prince Eugene of Savoy", "s": "Prince Eugene of Savoy: feldmarschall, diplomat, and one of the greatest military commanders of his era."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/story/fourth-crusade/": {"t": "Fourth Crusade", "s": "The crusade that sacked Constantinople instead of reaching Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/euboea/": {"t": "Euboea", "s": "Second-largest Greek island, historically important for trade and colonization."}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/francesco-morosini/": {"t": "Francesco Morosini", "s": "Doge of Venice and commander in the Great Turkish War."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-saxony/": {"t": "Electorate of Saxony", "s": "A key electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, centered on Saxe-Wittenberg."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/ionian-islands/": {"t": "Ionian Islands", "s": "Island group under Venetian rule, united with Greece in 1864."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/koroni/": {"t": "Koroni", "s": "Historic fortress town on the Gulf of Messinia."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-tuscany/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "s": "The grand duchy experienced periods of economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, followed by a long economic decline.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-tuscany.webp", "c": "Euryrel · via Wikipedia: Grand Duchy of Tuscany · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/methoni-messenia/": {"t": "Methoni, Messenia", "s": "Coastal fortress and trade hub in the Peloponnese."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/argos-peloponnese/": {"t": "Argos, Peloponnese", "s": "One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/patras/": {"t": "Patras", "s": "Greece's third-largest city, a historic port and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/low-countries/": {"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "/e/wars-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/arumer-zwarte-hoop/": {"t": "Arumer Zwarte Hoop", "s": "Peasant and mercenary army fighting Habsburg rule in Friesland."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/italian-wars/": {"t": "Italian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts driven by French–Habsburg rivalry in Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-systems-concepts/e/legal-systems-and-concepts/bail/": {"t": "Bail", "s": "Bail secures release while ensuring court appearance."}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/overijssel/": {"t": "Overijssel", "s": "A province of the Netherlands with a rich history, diverse landscapes, and a strong industrial heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/languages/e/languages/italian-language/": {"t": "Italian language", "s": "A Romance language of the Indo-European family, standardised from literary Florentine Tuscan."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/lombard-league/": {"t": "Lombard League", "s": "A medieval confederation of northern Italian cities that resisted imperial control."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-florence/": {"t": "Republic of Florence", "s": "A medieval and early modern state centered on Florence, birthplace of the Renaissance and home of the florin."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-siena/": {"t": "Republic of Siena", "s": "A medieval republic of commerce and art in Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/guild/": {"t": "Guild", "s": "Professional associations regulating craft and trade across eras and regions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/guild.webp", "c": "Sam.Donvil · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/marche/": {"t": "Marche", "s": "Central Italian region with a hilly landscape and Renaissance heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/duchy-of-spoleto/": {"t": "Duchy of Spoleto", "s": "A Lombard duchy controlling central Italy's strategic Via Flaminia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/benevento/": {"t": "Benevento", "s": "Ancient Samnite city on the Appian Way, later a Roman colony."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/dante-alighieri/": {"t": "Dante Alighieri", "s": "Italian poet who wrote the Divine Comedy in the vernacular."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/verona/": {"t": "Verona", "s": "Ancient Roman city, UNESCO site, and setting for Shakespeare's plays."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/suleiman-the-magnificent/": {"t": "Suleiman the Magnificent", "s": "Ottoman sultan who expanded the empire and reformed its laws."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-hungary/e/castles-in-hungary/dr-gely-castle/": {"t": "Drégely Castle", "s": "Ruined hilltop castle in Nógrád County, Hungary."}, "https://codexery.com/attacks-on-castles-in-europe/e/attacks-on-castles-in-europe/siege-of-eger-1552/": {"t": "Siege of Eger (1552)", "s": "Outnumbered defenders held the Castle of Eger against Ottoman siege."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/peloponnese/": {"t": "Peloponnese", "s": "Southernmost peninsula of mainland Greece, cradle of Mycenaean civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/asia/": {"t": "Asia", "s": "Largest continent by area and population, cradle of many civilisations."}, "https://codexery.com/imperial-titles/e/imperial-titles/imperatritsa/": {"t": "Imperatritsa", "s": "Russian feminine imperial title, equivalent to empress."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/16th-century-in-iran/e/16th-century-in-iran/ottoman-safavid-war-1532-1555/": {"t": "Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–1555)", "s": "A protracted war between two rival empires ending in 1555."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/bey/": {"t": "Bey", "s": "A Turkic title for chieftains and aristocrats, used across Central Asia, South Asia, Southeast Europe, and the Middle East.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/img/historical-and-cultural-concepts/bey.webp", "c": "Bernard Gagnon · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/gunpowder/": {"t": "Gunpowder", "s": "Earliest chemical explosive, used as propellant and blasting agent."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-hungary/e/castles-in-hungary/castle-of-s-meg/": {"t": "Castle of Sümeg", "s": "A 13th-century fortress atop Castle Hill near Lake Balaton."}, "https://codexery.com/culture-of-ancient-egypt/e/culture-of-ancient-egypt/scribe/": {"t": "Scribe", "s": "Scribes preserved texts and records across ancient and medieval cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/istanbul/": {"t": "Istanbul", "s": "A city on two continents, bridging Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/e/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-balaton/": {"t": "Lake Balaton", "s": "Central Europe's largest lake, a major tourist destination.", "i": "https://codexery.com/great-lakes-of-the-world/img/great-lakes-of-the-world/lake-balaton.webp", "c": "sky_hlv · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/vassal/": {"t": "Vassal", "s": "A subordinate bound by mutual obligation to a lord."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/cannon/": {"t": "Cannon", "s": "A heavy artillery weapon that evolved from the fire-lance."}, "/e/wars-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/habsburg-ottoman-wars-in-hungary-1526-1568/": {"t": "Habsburg–Ottoman wars in Hungary (1526–1568)", "s": "A series of inconclusive Habsburg–Ottoman campaigns for control of Hungary."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hesse/": {"t": "Hesse", "s": "Landlocked German state, financial centre Frankfurt, named after the Chatti tribe."}, "https://codexery.com/states-of-the-german-empire/e/states-of-the-german-empire/duchy-of-brunswick/": {"t": "Duchy of Brunswick", "s": "A German duchy from 1815 to 1918, centered on Braunschweig."}, "https://codexery.com/public-law/e/public-law/settlement-litigation/": {"t": "Settlement (litigation)", "s": "A contract resolving a legal dispute without trial."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-mainz/": {"t": "Electorate of Mainz", "s": "One of the most prestigious states of the Holy Roman Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/e/civil-law-and-remedies/mediation/": {"t": "Mediation", "s": "Neutral third party facilitates voluntary dispute resolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/civil-law-and-remedies/img/civil-law-and-remedies/mediation.webp", "c": "Francesco Bartolozzi · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/moldova/": {"t": "Moldova", "s": "Landlocked Eastern European parliamentary republic with a rich history and EU candidate status."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina/e/castles-in-bosnia-and-herzegovina/bora-fortress/": {"t": "Borač (fortress)", "s": "Medieval seat of the Pavlović noble family."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/carpathian-mountains/": {"t": "Carpathian Mountains", "s": "Europe's third-longest mountain range, forming an arc across Central and Southeast Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-romania/e/castles-in-romania/suceava/": {"t": "Suceava", "s": "Medieval Moldavian capital and Habsburg border commercial town."}, "https://codexery.com/economy-of-ancient-rome/e/economy-of-ancient-rome/comes/": {"t": "Comes", "s": "Roman title for imperial companions, later medieval counts."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/john-of-gaunt/": {"t": "John of Gaunt", "s": "English prince, military leader and statesman; founder of the House of Lancaster.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/john-of-gaunt.webp", "c": "Said variously to be attributed to Lucas Cornelisz de Kock (1495–1552) (who however died 41 years before the painting is said (by Oliver Harris, 2010) to have b · via Wikipedia: John of Gaunt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/burgundy/": {"t": "Burgundy", "s": "Historical region in France, known for its wine and medieval power."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-marmara/": {"t": "Sea of Marmara", "s": "A small inland sea linking the Black Sea and Aegean, rich in history and mythology."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/hospitallers/": {"t": "Hospitallers", "s": "The Knights of St John, a Catholic military order born in crusader Jerusalem."}, "https://codexery.com/matter-of-france/e/matter-of-france/battle-of-roncevaux-pass/": {"t": "Battle of Roncevaux Pass", "s": "Basque ambush that became a chivalric legend."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/e/world-heritage-tentative-list-for-turkey/gallipoli/": {"t": "Gallipoli", "s": "Historic peninsula between Europe and Asia, site of ancient cities."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bursa/": {"t": "Bursa", "s": "Historic Ottoman capital and modern industrial hub in northwestern Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/john-hunyadi/": {"t": "John Hunyadi", "s": "Leading Hungarian military and political figure, regent of Hungary, and defender against the Ottomans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/john-hunyadi.webp", "c": "János Thuróczy · via Wikipedia: John Hunyadi · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-belgrade-1456/": {"t": "Siege of Belgrade (1456)", "s": "A 1456 siege where Hungarian defenders repelled Mehmed II, halting Ottoman expansion for 70 years."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mehmed-ii/": {"t": "Mehmed II", "s": "The Conqueror of Constantinople"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/henry-viii/": {"t": "Henry VIII", "s": "King of England (1509–1547) and Ireland (1542–1547), known for his six marriages and the English Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/teutonic-order/": {"t": "Teutonic Order", "s": "Crusading order of German knights, founded at Acre around 1190."}, "/e/wars-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/italian-war-of-1521-1526/": {"t": "Italian War of 1521–1526", "s": "A Habsburg-Valois conflict ending in French defeat and royal capture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pope-alexander-vi/": {"t": "Pope Alexander VI", "s": "The controversial Renaissance pope from the Borgia family."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-julius-ii/": {"t": "Pope Julius II", "s": "The Warrior Pope who led armies and commissioned masterpieces."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/aragon/": {"t": "Aragon", "s": "Autonomous community in northeastern Spain, historic Kingdom of Aragon."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-leo-x/": {"t": "Pope Leo X", "s": "Pope Leo X was the last pope not to have been in priestly orders at the time of his election."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/italian-peninsula/": {"t": "Italian Peninsula", "s": "Boot-shaped peninsula comprising much of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/provence/": {"t": "Provence", "s": "A southeastern French region with Roman origins and lasting cultural identity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/provence.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/christendom/": {"t": "Christendom", "s": "The global Christian community and its historical polity."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/thomas-wolsey/": {"t": "Thomas Wolsey", "s": "Thomas Wolsey (c."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/kent/": {"t": "Kent", "s": "The Garden of England"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/e/world-heritage-sites-in-belgium/tournai/": {"t": "Tournai", "s": "One of Belgium's oldest cities, first Frankish capital."}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps/": {"t": "Alps", "s": "Major European mountain range spanning eight countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/img/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/alps.webp", "c": "Terra (EOS AM-1) satellite · via Wikipedia: Alps · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/holy-roman-empresses/e/holy-roman-empresses/isabella-of-portugal/": {"t": "Isabella of Portugal", "s": "Empress consort of Charles V and regent of Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/e/legal-scholars-and-political-theorists/niccol-machiavelli/": {"t": "Niccolò Machiavelli", "s": "Florentine diplomat, author, philosopher, and historian of the Italian Renaissance"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/piedmont/": {"t": "Piedmont", "s": "Northwest Italian region, historic heart of Italian unification."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-france/e/world-heritage-sites-in-france/avignon/": {"t": "Avignon", "s": "City of the Popes on the Rhône."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/dysentery/": {"t": "Dysentery", "s": "A diarrheal disease causing bloody stools, often from poor sanitation."}, "/e/wars-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/italian-war-of-1542-1546/": {"t": "Italian War of 1542–1546", "s": "A costly, inconclusive war between Francis I and Charles V."}, "https://codexery.com/european-monarchs-consorts/e/european-monarchs-and-consorts/henry-ii-of-france/": {"t": "Henry II of France", "s": "King of France who died from a jousting wound."}, "/e/wars-involving-the-holy-roman-empire/italian-war-of-1536-1538/": {"t": "Italian War of 1536–1538", "s": "A Habsburg-Valois war for control of Milan."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-spanish-empire/revolt-of-ghent-1539-1540/": {"t": "Revolt of Ghent (1539–1540)", "s": "Ghent's 1539 tax revolt ended with humiliated leaders wearing nooses."}, "https://codexery.com/holy-roman-empresses/e/holy-roman-empresses/maria-of-austria-holy-roman-empress/": {"t": "Maria of Austria, Holy Roman Empress", "s": "Empress consort, regent of Spain, and influential Catholic patron."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mary-queen-of-scots/": {"t": "Mary, Queen of Scots", "s": "Queen of Scotland from infancy, imprisoned and executed by her cousin Elizabeth I."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/english-channel/": {"t": "English Channel", "s": "The busiest shipping area in the world, separating Southern England from northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-and-channels/e/straits-and-channels/dardanelles/": {"t": "Dardanelles", "s": "Narrow strait connecting the Sea of Marmara to the Aegean Sea, forming part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/napoli/e/culture/naples/": {"t": "Naples", "s": "Ancient Greek colony and historic capital of southern Italy."}, "https://codexery.com/straits-channels-and-seas/e/straits-channels-and-seas/resund/": {"t": "Øresund", "s": "Strait linking the Baltic Sea to the Atlantic Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/north-sea/": {"t": "North Sea", "s": "A shallow European shelf sea, rich in history, fisheries, and energy resources."}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/hamburg/": {"t": "Hamburg", "s": "Second-largest German city and major Hanseatic port."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/edward-seymour-1st-duke-of-somerset/": {"t": "Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset", "s": "Lord Protector of England and uncle of King Edward VI", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/edward-seymour-1st-duke-of-somerset.webp", "c": "Artist unknown. Uploaded by Qp10qp. · via Wikipedia: Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset · Public domain"}}