{"/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/mongol-invasions-of-vietnam/": {"t": "Mongol invasions of Vietnam", "s": "Four Mongol campaigns against Đại Việt and Champa, 1258–1288."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/yuan-dynasty/": {"t": "Yuan dynasty", "s": "Mongol-led dynasty that ruled all of China proper."}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/battle-of-ngasaunggyan/": {"t": "Battle of Ngasaunggyan", "s": "Yuan defenders defeated a Pagan invasion of Yunnan in 1277."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/l-dynasty/": {"t": "Lê dynasty", "s": "Longest-ruling Vietnamese dynasty, marked by civil wars and Confucian reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-insurgent-leaders/e/revolutionaries-and-insurgent-leaders/nguy-n-tr-i/": {"t": "Nguyễn Trãi", "s": "Poet, strategist, and advisor who helped defeat Ming rule.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutionaries-insurgent-leaders/img/revolutionaries-and-insurgent-leaders/nguy-n-tr-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nguyễn Trãi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/mongol-empire/": {"t": "Mongol Empire", "s": "Largest contiguous land empire in history."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/battle-of-bun-ei/": {"t": "Battle of Bun'ei", "s": "First major Mongol attempt to invade Japan."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/e/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/hongwu-emperor/": {"t": "Hongwu Emperor", "s": "Founding emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigned 1368–1398.", "i": "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/img/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/hongwu-emperor.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hongwu Emperor · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/e/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/chen-youliang/": {"t": "Chen Youliang", "s": "Founder and first emperor of the Chen Han dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/nanchang/": {"t": "Nanchang", "s": "Southern Flourishing: Cradle of the People's Liberation Army"}, "https://codexery.com/lakes-of-the-world/e/lakes-of-the-world/poyang-lake/": {"t": "Poyang Lake", "s": "China's largest freshwater lake, a vital wetland for migratory birds and endangered species."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/nanjing/": {"t": "Nanjing", "s": "Southern Capital on the Yangtze"}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/chen-li-emperor/": {"t": "Chen Li (emperor)", "s": "Second and last emperor of the Chen Han dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/emperors-of-china/e/emperors-of-china/emperor-of-china/": {"t": "Emperor of China", "s": "Absolute monarch and Son of Heaven ruling under the Mandate of Heaven."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/irrawaddy-river/": {"t": "Irrawaddy River", "s": "Principal river of Myanmar, vital for commerce, agriculture, and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/irrawaddy-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Irrawaddy River · see source"}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/ispah-rebellion/": {"t": "Ispah rebellion", "s": "Mid-14th-century Persian-led Muslim revolt in Yuan-dynasty Fujian."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/song-dynasty/": {"t": "Song dynasty", "s": "Chinese dynasty that pioneered paper money and gunpowder weapons."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jiangmen/": {"t": "Jiangmen", "s": "Gateway to the Siyi homeland and a rising hub in the Pearl River Delta."}, "https://codexery.com/murdered-emperors-of-china/e/murdered-emperors-of-china/emperor-gong-of-song/": {"t": "Emperor Gong of Song", "s": "Child emperor who surrendered the Song to the Yuan."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/quanzhou/": {"t": "Quanzhou", "s": "Quanzhou: Ancient port of the Maritime Silk Road."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/cannon/": {"t": "Cannon", "s": "A heavy artillery weapon that evolved from the fire-lance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/shenzhen/": {"t": "Shenzhen", "s": "Shenzhen: A premier global metropolis and technology hub on the Pearl River estuary."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/tropical-cyclone/": {"t": "Tropical cyclone", "s": "A rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure area, strong winds, and spiral thunderstorms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/meteorology/img/meteorology/tropical-cyclone.webp", "c": "Vyacheslav Argenberg · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/tang-dynasty/": {"t": "Tang dynasty", "s": "Imperial dynasty ruling China from 618 to 907."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-taizong-of-tang/": {"t": "Emperor Taizong of Tang", "s": "Second emperor of Tang, co-founder of the dynasty, and ruler of the golden Zhenguan era."}, "https://codexery.com/deified-male-monarchs/e/deified-male-monarchs/songtsen-gampo/": {"t": "Songtsen Gampo", "s": "33rd King of Tibet, founder of the Tibetan Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/e/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/nurhaci/": {"t": "Nurhaci", "s": "Founding khan of the Later Jin dynasty and architect of the Qing conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/e/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/hong-taiji/": {"t": "Hong Taiji", "s": "Founding emperor of the Qing dynasty who consolidated Manchu power.", "i": "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/img/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/hong-taiji.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Hong Taiji · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/eight-banners/": {"t": "Eight Banners", "s": "Administrative and military divisions of the Later Jin and Qing dynasties.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/eight-banners.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Eight Banners · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was an early modern empire in East Asia ruled by the Manchu people."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate/": {"t": "Ilkhanate", "s": "Mongol khanate ruling Iran and West Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/ilkhanate.webp", "c": "Ali Zifan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/ljait/": {"t": "Öljaitü", "s": "Eighth Ilkhanid ruler who shifted between religions and built Soltaniyeh."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/golden-horde/": {"t": "Golden Horde", "s": "The Mongol, later Turkic, khanate of the western steppe founded by Batu."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/irtysh/": {"t": "Irtysh", "s": "Longest tributary river in the world, flowing through three countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/irtysh.webp", "c": "Sibom · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/khorasan/": {"t": "Khorasan", "s": "Historical eastern region of the Iranian Plateau and Central Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-founded-by-alexander-the-great/e/cities-founded-by-alexander-the-great/herat/": {"t": "Herat", "s": "Ancient Silk Road city and gateway to Iran and Turkmenistan."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/taraz/": {"t": "Taraz", "s": "Ancient Silk Road city and site of the Battle of Talas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/img/asian-cities/taraz.webp", "c": "Unknown · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty/": {"t": "Liao dynasty", "s": "A Khitan-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 916 to 1125, controlling Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of Siberia and Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/liao-dynasty.webp", "c": "SY · via Wikipedia: Liao dynasty · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/goryeo-khitan-war/": {"t": "Goryeo–Khitan War", "s": "A series of 10th- and 11th-century conflicts between Goryeo and Liao."}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/upheaval-of-the-five-barbarians/": {"t": "Upheaval of the Five Barbarians", "s": "A chaotic period that ended Western Jin rule in northern China."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/han-dynasty/": {"t": "Han dynasty", "s": "The golden age that shaped Chinese identity."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sixteen-kingdoms/": {"t": "Sixteen Kingdoms", "s": "Non-Han rulers governed northern China before reunification by the Northern Wei."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/xiongnu/": {"t": "Xiongnu", "s": "Nomadic confederation that dominated the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD."}, "https://codexery.com/murdered-emperors-of-china/e/murdered-emperors-of-china/gao-yun-emperor/": {"t": "Gao Yun (emperor)", "s": "Goguryeo-descended emperor of Later or Northern Yan, assassinated in 409."}, "https://codexery.com/murdered-emperors-of-china/e/murdered-emperors-of-china/fu-jian-337-385/": {"t": "Fu Jian (337–385)", "s": "Third monarch of Former Qin, unified northern China before defeat at Fei River."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/e/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/liu-yuan-han-zhao/": {"t": "Liu Yuan (Han-Zhao)", "s": "Founding emperor of the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/e/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/shi-le/": {"t": "Shi Le", "s": "Founding emperor of Later Zhao, former slave and brilliant general."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-266-420/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (266–420)", "s": "The Jin dynasty: a reunified China divided by civil war and barbarian invasions."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/sichuan/": {"t": "Sichuan", "s": "Inland province in Southwestern China, home to Ba and Shu."}, "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/e/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china/": {"t": "The Great Wall of China", "s": "An ancient defensive system spanning thousands of miles across China's northern borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-wonders/img/world-wonders/the-great-wall-of-china.webp", "c": "Jakub Hałun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/heqin/": {"t": "Heqin", "s": "Correcting historical inaccuracies in the heqin marriage alliance record.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/heqin.webp", "c": "BabelStone · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/hetao/": {"t": "Hetao", "s": "Fertile flood plains in the Ordos Loop of the Yellow River.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/hetao.webp", "c": "Explicit · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/e/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/helian-bobo/": {"t": "Helian Bobo", "s": "Founder of the Hu Xia dynasty, a Xiongnu-led state."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/e/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/xia-dynasty/": {"t": "Xia dynasty", "s": "First dynasty in traditional Chinese historiography, possibly legendary.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/img/ancient-empires-and-kingdoms/xia-dynasty.webp", "c": "Gary Todd · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/sogdia/": {"t": "Sogdia", "s": "Ancient Iranian civilisation and key Silk Road intermediaries."}, "https://codexery.com/states-and-regions/e/states-and-regions/shandong/": {"t": "Shandong", "s": "Coastal province, cradle of Confucianism and Taoism."}, "https://codexery.com/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/e/founders-of-imperial-chinese-dynasties/ran-min/": {"t": "Ran Min", "s": "Emperor of Ran Wei who ordered a massive massacre of Hu peoples."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/guanzhong/": {"t": "Guanzhong", "s": "The heartland of ancient Chinese empires, guarded by mountain passes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/guanzhong.webp", "c": "H2v5o68z · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal/": {"t": "Lake Baikal", "s": "World's deepest and oldest freshwater lake by volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/lake-baikal.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Lake Baikal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/triad-organised-crime/": {"t": "Triad (organised crime)", "s": "Chinese transnational organised crime syndicate with historical patriotic origins."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/outlaw/": {"t": "Outlaw", "s": "A person declared outside the protection of the law."}, "https://codexery.com/piracy-in-the-atlantic-ocean/e/piracy-in-the-atlantic-ocean/filibuster-military/": {"t": "Filibuster (military)", "s": "Unauthorized military adventurers seeking to expand U.S. influence."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-in-the-qing-dynasty/e/rebellions-in-the-qing-dynasty/red-turban-rebellion-1854-1856/": {"t": "Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)", "s": "Tiandihui uprising in Guangdong, allied with Taiping rebels."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/luang-prabang/": {"t": "Luang Prabang", "s": "Royal Buddha Image city in north-central Laos, a UNESCO World Heritage Site blending Lao and colonial architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/nguy-n-dynasty/": {"t": "Nguyễn dynasty", "s": "The Nguyễn dynasty, the final imperial family of Vietnam, was founded by the House of Nguyễn Phúc."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/vientiane/": {"t": "Vientiane", "s": "Capital of Laos on the Mekong, rich in Buddhist heritage and history."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/bangkok/": {"t": "Bangkok", "s": "City of Angels"}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/surveying/": {"t": "Surveying", "s": "Surveying determines positions for maps, boundaries, and construction."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/meteorology/wet-season/": {"t": "Wet season", "s": "The time of year when most of a region's average annual rainfall occurs, lasting at least one month."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/malaria/": {"t": "Malaria", "s": "Mosquito-borne parasitic disease causing fever, anemia, and death."}, "https://codexery.com/weather-hazards/e/weather-hazards/monsoon/": {"t": "Monsoon", "s": "Seasonal wind reversal that brings heavy rainfall to many tropical regions."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/pali/": {"t": "Pali", "s": "Sacred language of Theravada Buddhism and the Tipiṭaka."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-rapists/e/mythological-rapists/mars-mythology/": {"t": "Mars (mythology)", "s": "Roman god of war and father of Romulus and Remus."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/jin-song-wars/": {"t": "Jin–Song wars", "s": "Conflicts that divided China into Northern and Southern Song."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/jin-dynasty-1115-1234/": {"t": "Jin dynasty (1115–1234)", "s": "The Jurchen-led Great Jin: gold, empire, and the first Chinese dynasty known in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yangtze/": {"t": "Yangtze", "s": "Longest river in China, third-longest in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/jiangnan/": {"t": "Jiangnan", "s": "The prosperous lands south of the Yangtze River, cradle of Wu culture and historic capitals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/img/chinese-history/jiangnan.webp", "c": "Judgefloro · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/changsha/": {"t": "Changsha", "s": "Capital of Hunan, ancient city, and global industrial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/shaoxing/": {"t": "Shaoxing", "s": "Historic city known for wine, opera, and comfortable living."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-china/e/cities-of-china/shangqiu/": {"t": "Shangqiu", "s": "Ancient Shang base, modern transport hub in eastern Henan."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/e/cities-starting-with-j/jiujiang/": {"t": "Jiujiang", "s": "Historic Yangtze port and Jiangxi's only international trade city.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-j/img/cities-starting-with-j/jiujiang.webp", "c": "Geoff Wong from Hong Kong · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/yue-fei/": {"t": "Yue Fei", "s": "Patriotic general of the Song dynasty, executed under a frameup in 1142.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/yue-fei.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Yue Fei · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/suzhou/": {"t": "Suzhou", "s": "Ancient cradle of Wu culture, modern industrial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-writing-systems/e/languages-and-writing-systems/persian-language/": {"t": "Persian language", "s": "Persian is a Western Iranian language with three standard varieties."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/persians/": {"t": "Persians", "s": "An Iranian ethnic group indigenous to the Iranian plateau, native speakers of Persian, and founders of ancient empires."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/shia-islam/": {"t": "Shia Islam", "s": "The second-largest branch of Islam, rooted in the belief that Ali was Muhammad's chosen successor."}, "https://codexery.com/islamic-concepts-and-practices/e/islamic-concepts-and-practices/sunni-islam/": {"t": "Sunni Islam", "s": "Largest branch of Islam, following the sunnah of Muhammad."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/maritime-silk-road/": {"t": "Maritime Silk Road", "s": "The ancient maritime network that connected East and West, shaped by Austronesian sailors and global trade.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/maritime-silk-road.webp", "c": "Yumeto · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tamils/": {"t": "Tamils", "s": "Dravidian ethnic group with over two millennia of written history."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/specific-languages/e/specific-languages/hokkien/": {"t": "Hokkien", "s": "A major Southern Min Chinese variety with global diaspora influence."}, "https://codexery.com/ilkhanate/e/ilkhanate/kingdom-of-hormuz/": {"t": "Kingdom of Hormuz", "s": "A medieval Persian Gulf kingdom famed for wealth and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-taizu-of-jin/": {"t": "Emperor Taizu of Jin", "s": "Founder and first emperor of the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/korean-peninsula/": {"t": "Korean Peninsula", "s": "Divided peninsula with ancient kingdoms and modern global influence."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/songhua-river/": {"t": "Songhua River", "s": "Longest tributary of the Amur River in northeastern China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/songhua-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Songhua River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/liaoyang/": {"t": "Liaoyang", "s": "Ancient city in Liaoning, site of dynastic capitals and major battles."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/qara-khitai/": {"t": "Qara Khitai", "s": "A Khitan-led Central Asian empire continuing the Liao legacy."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aral-sea/": {"t": "Aral Sea", "s": "The southern remnant of the former Aral Sea, split into eastern and western basins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/aral-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aral Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kara-khanid-khanate/": {"t": "Kara-Khanid Khanate", "s": "Karluk Turkic khanate ruling Central Asia from the 9th to early 13th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/img/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/kara-khanid-khanate.webp", "c": "Artist circa 1200 CE Photography: Yury Karev · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/factions/seljuk-sultanate/": {"t": "Seljuk Sultanate", "s": "The Turco-Persian empire of the Oghuz Turks that stretched from Anatolia to the Hindu Kush."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/jingkang-incident/": {"t": "Jingkang incident", "s": "The Jingkang Incident, also called the Humiliation of Jingkang, occurred in 1127 during the Jin–Song wars."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/joseon/": {"t": "Joseon", "s": "A dynastic kingdom of Korea that existed for 505 years, founded in 1392 and replaced by the Korean Empire in 1897."}, "https://codexery.com/musok-deities/e/musok-deities/yun-kwan/": {"t": "Yun Kwan", "s": "Goryeo general who defeated the Jurchen and built nine fortresses."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/yongle-emperor/": {"t": "Yongle Emperor", "s": "Third emperor of the Ming dynasty, known for moving the capital to Beijing and sponsoring the Yongle Encyclopedia."}, "https://codexery.com/musok-deities/e/musok-deities/taejo-of-joseon/": {"t": "Taejo of Joseon", "s": "Founder of Joseon, overthrew Goryeo, abdicated after six years."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/koreans/": {"t": "Koreans", "s": "East Asian ethnic group indigenous to the Korean Peninsula"}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/qing-invasion-of-joseon/": {"t": "Qing invasion of Joseon", "s": "Qing victory forced Joseon into tributary status and severed Ming ties."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/tributary-system-of-china/": {"t": "Tributary system of China", "s": "A Sinocentric network of tributary relations lasting two millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/e/lore/genghis-khan/": {"t": "Genghis Khan", "s": "Temüjin, the steppe chieftain's son who united the Mongols and founded their empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crusader-kings/img/lore/genghis-khan.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Genghis Khan · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river/": {"t": "Yellow River", "s": "Cradle of Chinese civilization, source of devastating floods.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/yellow-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Yellow River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/shu-han/": {"t": "Shu Han", "s": "A Han rump state in the Three Kingdoms period."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/zhuge-liang/": {"t": "Zhuge Liang", "s": "Chinese statesman and strategist of the Three Kingdoms period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/zhuge-liang.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Zhuge Liang · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/fire-lance/": {"t": "Fire lance", "s": "Early gunpowder weapon that evolved into the hand cannon."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/rocket/": {"t": "Rocket", "s": "A self-propelled vehicle using reaction thrust for flight in space."}, "https://codexery.com/mothers-of-emperors/e/mothers-of-emperors/t-regene-khatun/": {"t": "Töregene Khatun", "s": "Great Khatun and regent of the Mongol Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/gunpowder/": {"t": "Gunpowder", "s": "Earliest chemical explosive, used as propellant and blasting agent."}, "https://codexery.com/il-khan-emperors/e/il-khan-emperors/hulegu-khan/": {"t": "Hulegu Khan", "s": "Mongol conqueror who founded the Ilkhanate and sacked Baghdad."}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/mongol-conquest-of-the-jin-dynasty/": {"t": "Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty", "s": "Mongol Empire conquered the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty."}, "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/e/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road/": {"t": "Silk Road", "s": "Network of routes linking East and West for centuries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/history-of-imperial-china/img/history-of-imperial-china/silk-road.webp", "c": "User:Kelvin Case\nUser:Turkish Flame\n\nUser:SmallJarsWithGreenLabels · via Wikipedia: Silk Road · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/lanzhou/": {"t": "Lanzhou", "s": "Capital of Gansu and gateway to the Silk Road."}, "https://codexery.com/explorers/e/great-explorers/marco-polo/": {"t": "Marco Polo", "s": "Venetian merchant whose travels opened the East to European understanding.", "i": "https://codexery.com/explorers/img/great-explorers/marco-polo.webp", "c": "Marco Polo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eurasia/": {"t": "Eurasia", "s": "The largest continental area on Earth, spanning Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-europe/": {"t": "Eastern Europe", "s": "A contested subregion with shifting cultural and political boundaries."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/yi-people/": {"t": "Yi people", "s": "An ethnic group in southern China, numbering nine million, with a rich oral tradition and a script for the Nuosu language."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/angkor-and-the-khmer-empire/": {"t": "Angkor and the Khmer Empire", "s": "The Khmer Empire: a hydraulic civilisation centred on Angkor, lasting from 802 to 1431 AD."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/java/": {"t": "Java", "s": "World's most populous island, center of Indonesian history and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hainan/": {"t": "Hainan", "s": "China's southernmost island province, a tropical free-trade port."}, "https://codexery.com/people-executed-by-crucifixion/e/people-executed-by-crucifixion/ambaghai/": {"t": "Ambaghai", "s": "Khan of the Khamag Mongol, captured and crucified by the Jin."}, "https://codexery.com/iranian-inventions/e/iranian-inventions/crucifixion/": {"t": "Crucifixion", "s": "Ancient method of execution used in Persia, Carthage, and Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/jebe/": {"t": "Jebe", "s": "The arrow of Genghis Khan: Jebe, the greatest cavalry general in history."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/muqali/": {"t": "Muqali", "s": "Mongol general and viceroy, undefeated in seven years of campaigning."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/tolui/": {"t": "Tolui", "s": "Youngest son of Genghis Khan, regent of the Mongol Empire, and father of Möngke, Kublai, and Hulagu.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/tolui.webp", "c": "Rashid-al-Din Hamadani · via Wikipedia: Tolui · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/e/kings-of-the-zhou-dynasty/king-mu-of-zhou/": {"t": "King Mu of Zhou", "s": "Fifth Zhou king who reformed government and campaigned against western tribes."}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/battle-of-pagan/": {"t": "Battle of Pagan", "s": "A 1287 battle that ended the Pagan Kingdom."}, "https://codexery.com/archery/e/archery/mounted-archery/": {"t": "Mounted archery", "s": "Shooting arrows from horseback, a defining skill of Eurasian nomads."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/manchu-people/": {"t": "Manchu people", "s": "Tungusic people who founded the Qing dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/seoul/": {"t": "Seoul", "s": "The dynamic capital of South Korea, blending ancient history with cutting-edge modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/musok-deities/e/musok-deities/im-gyeong-eop/": {"t": "Im Gyeong-eop", "s": "Joseon general and shamanic deity worshipped as Janggunsin."}, "https://codexery.com/castles-in-south-korea/e/castles-in-south-korea/namhansanseong/": {"t": "Namhansanseong", "s": "Historic Korean fortress city and emergency capital."}, "https://codexery.com/korea-under-japanese-rule/e/korea-under-japanese-rule/korea-under-japanese-rule/": {"t": "Korea under Japanese rule", "s": "Japanese colonial rule over Korea from 1910 to 1945."}, "https://codexery.com/shogun/e/lore/toyotomi-hideyoshi/": {"t": "Toyotomi Hideyoshi", "s": "The peasant-born foot soldier who rose to Kampaku and finished unifying Sengoku Japan.", "i": "https://codexery.com/shogun/img/lore/toyotomi-hideyoshi.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Toyotomi Hideyoshi · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula/": {"t": "Liaodong Peninsula", "s": "Strategic peninsula in Northeast China, site of major wars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/img/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/musok-deities/e/musok-deities/gongmin-of-goryeo/": {"t": "Gongmin of Goryeo", "s": "31st ruler of Goryeo who reformed government after Yuan decline."}, "https://codexery.com/canals-and-waterways/e/canals-and-waterways/grand-canal-china/": {"t": "Grand Canal (China)", "s": "The world's longest artificial waterway, linking north and south China for over two millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-huizong-of-song/": {"t": "Emperor Huizong of Song", "s": "Eighth Song emperor, artist, and captive of the Jurchens.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-huizong-of-song.webp", "c": "Emperor Huizong of Song / After Zhang Xuan · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/pyongyang/": {"t": "Pyongyang", "s": "Capital and largest city of North Korea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/pyongyang.webp", "c": "(stephan) · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/piracy-in-the-pacific-ocean/e/piracy-in-the-pacific-ocean/wokou/": {"t": "Wokou", "s": "East Asian pirates raiding China and Korea from the 13th to 17th centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-cities/e/asian-cities/cheongju/": {"t": "Cheongju", "s": "Capital of North Chungcheong Province, site of Jikji printing."}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/first-conflict-in-the-goryeo-khitan-war/": {"t": "First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War", "s": "First of three wars between Goryeo and the Liao dynasty."}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/third-conflict-in-the-goryeo-khitan-war/": {"t": "Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War", "s": "A decisive Liao defeat ended the Goryeo–Khitan Wars."}, "/e/wars-involving-imperial-china/five-barbarians/": {"t": "Five Barbarians", "s": "Chinese exonym for five non-Han peoples who overthrew Western Jin."}, "https://codexery.com/murdered-emperors-of-china/e/murdered-emperors-of-china/emperor-huai-of-jin/": {"t": "Emperor Huai of Jin", "s": "Jin emperor captured in the Disaster of Yongjia and executed by Han-Zhao."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-starting-with-l/e/cities-starting-with-l/luoyang/": {"t": "Luoyang", "s": "Ancient capital on the Luo River, cradle of Chinese civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/liu-song-dynasty/": {"t": "Liu Song dynasty", "s": "First of the four Southern dynasties during the Northern and Southern period."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/northern-wei/": {"t": "Northern Wei", "s": "The Northern Wei: Unifier of Northern China and Catalyst of Sinicization"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/three-kingdoms/": {"t": "Three Kingdoms", "s": "A partial revival of the old three kingdoms in early medieval Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/e/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wu-of-jin/": {"t": "Emperor Wu of Jin", "s": "Emperor Wu of Jin, born Sima Yan, was the founding emperor of the Jin dynasty, which he established in 266 after compelling the last ruler of Cao Wei to abdicat", "i": "https://codexery.com/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/img/chinese-emperors-and-leaders/emperor-wu-of-jin.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/murdered-emperors-of-china/e/murdered-emperors-of-china/emperor-hui-of-jin/": {"t": "Emperor Hui of Jin", "s": "Developmentally disabled emperor whose reign triggered the War of the Eight Princes."}, "https://codexery.com/chanyus/e/chanyus/huchuquan/": {"t": "Huchuquan", "s": "Last chanyu of the Southern Xiongnu, detained at Ye."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/northern-and-southern-dynasties/": {"t": "Northern and Southern dynasties", "s": "Period of division, cultural growth, and technological advance."}, "https://codexery.com/chanyus/e/chanyus/chizhi-shizhu-hou/": {"t": "Chizhi Shizhu Hou", "s": "Puppet chanyu of the Southern Xiongnu during the late Han."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/emperor-gaozu-of-han/": {"t": "Emperor Gaozu of Han", "s": "Founder of the Han dynasty, born a peasant, who rose from rebel to emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/places-in-chinese-mythology/e/places-in-chinese-mythology/taihang-mountains/": {"t": "Taihang Mountains", "s": "A major Chinese mountain range on the Loess Plateau's eastern edge."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty/": {"t": "Sui dynasty", "s": "Brief dynasty that reunified China and shaped the Tang golden age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sui-dynasty.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Sui dynasty · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/chanyus/e/chanyus/chanyu/": {"t": "Chanyu", "s": "Title of Inner Asian nomad rulers for eight centuries."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qin-dynasty/": {"t": "Qin dynasty", "s": "First imperial dynasty of China, unifying the Warring States."}, "https://codexery.com/east-asian-history/e/east-asian-history/qin-s-wars-of-unification/": {"t": "Qin's wars of unification", "s": "Campaigns that unified China under the First Emperor."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-computer-animated-television/e/japanese-computer-animated-television-series/kingdom-manga/": {"t": "Kingdom (manga)", "s": "A fictionalized Warring States epic of ambition and unification."}}