{"https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire/": {"t": "First French Empire", "s": "Empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, dominating early 19th-century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/french-revolutionary-wars/": {"t": "French Revolutionary Wars", "s": "The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major military conflicts sparked by the French Revolution, lasting from 1792 to 1802."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe/": {"t": "Continental Europe", "s": "The contiguous mainland of Europe, excluding its surrounding islands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/continental-europe.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Europe · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austrian-empire/": {"t": "Austrian Empire", "s": "A multinational great power formed from the Habsburg monarchy in 1804."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/lisbon/": {"t": "Lisbon", "s": "Capital of Portugal, second-oldest European capital, and a global city on the Tagus River."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/spanish-empire/": {"t": "Spanish Empire", "s": "A global colonial empire spanning four centuries and multiple continents."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/portuguese-empire/": {"t": "Portuguese Empire", "s": "The first and longest-lasting European colonial empire, spanning nearly 600 years from 1415 to 1999."}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/pax-britannica/": {"t": "Pax Britannica", "s": "Period of British global hegemony and relative great-power peace."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/great-power/": {"t": "Great power", "s": "Sovereign state with global influence and recognized power status."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/e/governments-and-political-systems/independence/": {"t": "Independence", "s": "Condition of self-government and sovereignty over a territory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/governments-and-political-systems/img/governments-and-political-systems/independence.webp", "c": "Ruger, A. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/comparative-politics/e/comparative-politics/politics-of-nigeria/": {"t": "Politics of Nigeria", "s": "Federal presidential republic with three branches of government."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/e/cities-and-urban-areas/port-harcourt/": {"t": "Port Harcourt", "s": "Major Nigerian port city and oil industry hub.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cities-and-urban-areas/img/cities-and-urban-areas/port-harcourt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Port Harcourt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/e/human-variation-and-health/malnutrition/": {"t": "Malnutrition", "s": "A disease category including undernutrition and overnutrition.", "i": "https://codexery.com/human-variation-and-health/img/human-variation-and-health/malnutrition.webp", "c": "HCUP Outreach2016 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sokoto-caliphate/": {"t": "Sokoto Caliphate", "s": "A Sunni Muslim caliphate founded by Usman dan Fodio in 1804.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/img/dynasties-and-kingdoms/sokoto-caliphate.webp", "c": "Orange Tuesday (talk) · via Wikipedia: Sokoto Caliphate · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/yoruba-people/": {"t": "Yoruba people", "s": "West African ethnic group native to Nigeria, Benin, and Togo"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/lagos/": {"t": "Lagos", "s": "Africa's most populous city and a major financial and cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-cultural-concepts/e/historical-and-cultural-concepts/emir/": {"t": "Emir", "s": "Arabic title for commander, prince, or monarch."}, "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/e/economic-and-social-concepts/political-system/": {"t": "Political system", "s": "A system defining government decision-making and authority allocation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-and-social-concepts/img/economic-and-social-concepts/political-system.webp", "c": "Politisches_System_in_Deutschland.svg : Mortadelo2005 derivative work: TastyCake · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade/": {"t": "Atlantic slave trade", "s": "Transatlantic transportation of enslaved Africans to the Americas.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/atlantic-slave-trade.webp", "c": "Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/indigenous-peoples/": {"t": "Indigenous peoples", "s": "Indigenous peoples are diverse groups with ancestral ties to traditional territories."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/fraud/": {"t": "Fraud", "s": "Fraud is intentional deception for unlawful gain or deprivation."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/civilian/": {"t": "Civilian", "s": "A civilian is any person who is not a member of the armed forces and does not take part in hostilities in time of war."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/west-slavs/": {"t": "West Slavs", "s": "West Slavs: Slavic peoples speaking West Slavic languages, with a history of early medieval states and cultural ties to Latin Christianity."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea/": {"t": "Baltic Sea", "s": "The world's largest brackish water basin, an arm of the Atlantic enclosed by nine countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/baltic-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: White Sea–Baltic Canal · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/middle-ages/": {"t": "Middle Ages", "s": "The middle epoch between classical antiquity and the modern period.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/img/historical-eras/middle-ages.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Middle Ages · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-groups/e/ethnic-groups/slavs/": {"t": "Slavs", "s": "Slavs: A diverse group of peoples speaking Slavic languages, with a rich history spanning Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/holy-land/": {"t": "Holy Land", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members worldwide as of 2026."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/karelians/": {"t": "Karelians", "s": "Baltic Finnic people indigenous to Karelia, split between Finland and Russia."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/eastern-orthodox-church/": {"t": "Eastern Orthodox Church", "s": "Second-largest Christian body; autocephalous communion; no central pope; primus inter pares of Constantinople."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-saints-early-church-fathers/e/christian-saints-and-early-church-fathers/mary-mother-of-jesus/": {"t": "Mary, mother of Jesus", "s": "First-century Jewish woman, mother of Jesus, venerated in multiple faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/e/world-heritage-sites-in-russia/pskov/": {"t": "Pskov", "s": "Ancient Russian city, former Hanseatic hub and border fortress."}, "https://codexery.com/vikings/e/characters/oeselians/": {"t": "Oeselians", "s": "Maritime raiders of Saaremaa who resisted Christian conquest."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/courland/": {"t": "Courland", "s": "Historical Latvian land named for the Curonian tribe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/courland.webp", "c": "Daderot · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/prussia-region/": {"t": "Prussia (region)", "s": "Historical Baltic region, origin of the Prussian state."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/late-middle-ages/": {"t": "Late Middle Ages", "s": "Crisis and transformation in 14th–15th century Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia/": {"t": "Anatolia", "s": "Peninsula in West Asia, historic cradle of civilizations.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/anatolia.webp", "c": "Anatolianist · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/kingdom-of-candia/": {"t": "Kingdom of Candia", "s": "Venetian overseas territory on Crete from 1205 to 1669."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/peloponnese/": {"t": "Peloponnese", "s": "Southernmost peninsula of mainland Greece, cradle of Mycenaean civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/corfu/": {"t": "Corfu", "s": "Northernmost Ionian island, ancient naval power, Venetian fortress."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence/": {"t": "Greek War of Independence", "s": "From 1821 to 1829, Greek revolutionaries fought a successful war for independence against the Ottoman Empire, known as the Greek War of Independence, the Greek ", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/greek-war-of-independence.webp", "c": "George E. Koronaios · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bursa/": {"t": "Bursa", "s": "Historic Ottoman capital and modern industrial hub in northwestern Turkey."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/mehmed-ii/": {"t": "Mehmed II", "s": "The Conqueror of Constantinople"}, "https://codexery.com/great-collapses/e/great-collapses/the-fall-of-constantinople/": {"t": "The Fall of Constantinople", "s": "The fall of Constantinople in 1453 marked the end of the Roman Empire and the beginning of the early modern period."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/republic-of-venice/": {"t": "Republic of Venice", "s": "A maritime republic that dominated Mediterranean trade for over a millennium."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea/": {"t": "Black Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between Europe and Asia with anoxic deep waters.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/black-sea.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Black Sea · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-belgrade-1456/": {"t": "Siege of Belgrade (1456)", "s": "A 1456 siege where Hungarian defenders repelled Mehmed II, halting Ottoman expansion for 70 years."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/belgrade/": {"t": "Belgrade", "s": "Capital of Serbia, ancient city at Danube and Sava confluence."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/oceania/": {"t": "Oceania", "s": "The smallest continent, spanning the Pacific's vast ocean."}, "/e/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Largest Asian war of the 20th century, intertwined with World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/second-sino-japanese-war.webp", "c": "Unknown photographer, Ministry of the Navy · via Wikipedia: Second Sino-Japanese War · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-japanese-war/": {"t": "Soviet–Japanese War", "s": "Soviet campaign that helped end World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-japanese-war.webp", "c": "MBH · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/republic-of-china-1912-1949/": {"t": "Republic of China (1912–1949)", "s": "First Chinese republic, ruled mainland until 1949."}, "https://codexery.com/colonialism-and-exploration/e/colonialism-and-exploration/japanese-invasion-of-manchuria/": {"t": "Japanese invasion of Manchuria", "s": "Japanese Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria after a staged false flag incident."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor/": {"t": "Attack on Pearl Harbor", "s": "Surprise Japanese air raid on US Pacific Fleet, December 7, 1941.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/attack-on-pearl-harbor.webp", "c": "Mass Communication Specialist 2nd Class Katarzyna Kobiljak · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/new-britain/": {"t": "New Britain", "s": "The largest island in the Bismarck Archipelago, shaped by volcanoes and history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/img/islands-and-archipelagos/new-britain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solomon Islands (archipelago) · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/e/transportation-engineering/aircraft-carrier/": {"t": "Aircraft carrier", "s": "Mobile seagoing airbase projecting naval air power worldwide.", "i": "https://codexery.com/transportation-engineering/img/transportation-engineering/aircraft-carrier.webp", "c": "Yaohua2000 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/e/world-capital-cities/port-moresby/": {"t": "Port Moresby", "s": "Capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-capital-cities/img/world-capital-cities/port-moresby.webp", "c": "United Kingdom Hydrographic Office · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/e/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/guadalcanal-campaign/": {"t": "Guadalcanal campaign", "s": "First major Allied land offensive against Japan in World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/img/world-war-ii-campaigns-and-atrocities/guadalcanal-campaign.webp", "c": "Archives Branch, USMC History Division · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/air-raids-on-japan/": {"t": "Air raids on Japan", "s": "Allied air raids on Japan from 1942 to 1945 caused extensive destruction and high civilian casualties, contributing to Japan's surrender.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/air-raids-on-japan.webp", "c": "FDR Presidential Library & Museum · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/british-empire/e/british-empire/british-empire/": {"t": "British Empire", "s": "The largest empire in history, spanning a quarter of Earth's land."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-history/e/chinese-history/taiwan-under-japanese-rule/": {"t": "Taiwan under Japanese rule", "s": "The period of Japanese rule over Taiwan began in 1895 after the Qing dynasty ceded Fujian-Taiwan Province to Japan in the Treaty of Shimonoseki, following Japan"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/nanjing-massacre/": {"t": "Nanjing Massacre", "s": "Mass rape and murder by Japanese forces in Nanjing."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/paraguay/": {"t": "Paraguay", "s": "A landlocked nation with a rich indigenous heritage and a resilient history."}, "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/e/empire-of-brazil/empire-of-brazil/": {"t": "Empire of Brazil", "s": "A 19th-century constitutional monarchy in South America.", "i": "https://codexery.com/empire-of-brazil/img/empire-of-brazil/empire-of-brazil.webp", "c": "Mendes, Cândido · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/latin-america/": {"t": "Latin America", "s": "The cultural region of the Americas where Romance languages are predominantly spoken.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/latin-america.webp", "c": "Henrykez · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/e/rebellions-against-the-british-empire/decolonization-of-the-americas/": {"t": "Decolonization of the Americas", "s": "Multi-century process of American independence from European rule."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/treaty-of-tordesillas/": {"t": "Treaty of Tordesillas", "s": "The 1494 treaty that divided the non-European world between Portugal and Castile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/treaty-of-tordesillas.webp", "c": "Koppchen · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/bolivia/": {"t": "Bolivia", "s": "A landlocked South American nation with diverse geography and a rich indigenous heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/hegemony/": {"t": "Hegemony", "s": "Predominance of one state over others, regionally or globally."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/asunci-n/": {"t": "Asunción", "s": "The Mother of Cities, capital of Paraguay."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/mato-grosso/": {"t": "Mato Grosso", "s": "The heart of Brazil's agricultural powerhouse and home to the vast Pantanal wetland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/img/brazilian-states/mato-grosso.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Mato Grosso · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro", "s": "Brazilian city that was capital of a European colonial power."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/cuiab/": {"t": "Cuiabá", "s": "Southern gate to the Amazon"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-grande-do-sul/": {"t": "Rio Grande do Sul", "s": "Southernmost Brazilian state with gaucho culture and high life expectancy."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/buenos-aires/": {"t": "Buenos Aires", "s": "The Autonomous City of Buenos Aires: a multicultural capital with eclectic European architecture."}, "https://codexery.com/battle-rifles-and-carbines/e/battle-rifles-and-carbines/carbine/": {"t": "Carbine", "s": "A shortened long gun for high-mobility and non-infantry troops."}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-folklore/e/brazilian-folklore/gaucho/": {"t": "Gaucho", "s": "Skilled horsemen of the South American pampas, brave and unruly."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/uruguay-river/": {"t": "Uruguay River", "s": "Major South American river forming parts of three national borders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers/img/rivers/uruguay-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Uruguay River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/delian-league/": {"t": "Delian League", "s": "Anti-Persian alliance that became the Athenian Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pericles/": {"t": "Pericles", "s": "First citizen of Athens during its Golden Age"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/achaemenid-empire/": {"t": "Achaemenid Empire", "s": "The largest empire of its time, founded by Cyrus the Great in 550 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/stato-da-m-r/e/stato-da-m-r/argos-peloponnese/": {"t": "Argos, Peloponnese", "s": "One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/oligarchy/": {"t": "Oligarchy", "s": "Rule by a small, often wealthy, minority."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/thucydides/": {"t": "Thucydides", "s": "Athenian historian and general who chronicled the Peloponnesian War."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/xenophon/": {"t": "Xenophon", "s": "Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian of the Ten Thousand"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus/": {"t": "Diodorus Siculus", "s": "Greek historian who compiled the vast universal history Bibliotheca Historica.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/diodorus-siculus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Bibliotheca Historica · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristophanes/": {"t": "Aristophanes", "s": "Ancient Greek comic playwright of Old Comedy."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/greco-persian-wars/": {"t": "Greco-Persian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/carthage/": {"t": "Carthage", "s": "Ancient Phoenician city on the coast of Tunisia, capital of a Punic empire."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/roman-republic/": {"t": "Roman Republic", "s": "Elective oligarchy that dominated the Mediterranean through near-constant war."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ancient-carthage/": {"t": "Ancient Carthage", "s": "Ancient Carthage: A dominant western Mediterranean power until its destruction in 146 BC."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea/": {"t": "Mediterranean Sea", "s": "Eponymous mediterranean sea enclosed by Africa, Asia, and Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/mediterranean-sea.webp", "c": "of the modification : Eric Gaba (Sting) · via Wikipedia: Mediterranean Sea · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/north-africa/": {"t": "North Africa", "s": "A region of diverse definitions, ancient civilizations, and deep cultural ties to the Arab world and the Mediterranean."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/corsica/": {"t": "Corsica", "s": "Mediterranean island, French region with growing nationalist movement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/hannibal/": {"t": "Hannibal", "s": "Carthaginian general who crossed the Alps and fought Rome in the Second Punic War."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-zama/": {"t": "Battle of Zama", "s": "Decisive Roman victory ending the Second Punic War."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/third-punic-war/": {"t": "Third Punic War", "s": "The final conflict that erased Carthage from the map."}, "https://codexery.com/sieges-and-battles/e/sieges-and-battles/siege-of-carthage-third-punic-war/": {"t": "Siege of Carthage (Third Punic War)", "s": "The nearly three-year siege that ended the Third Punic War."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/looting/": {"t": "Looting", "s": "Looting is the forcible taking of goods during crises."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/tunis/": {"t": "Tunis", "s": "Capital of Tunisia, historic city on the Gulf of Tunis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/polybius/": {"t": "Polybius", "s": "Ancient Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period, author of The Histories"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/histories-polybius/": {"t": "Histories (Polybius)", "s": "2nd-century BC Greek account of Rome's rise to power."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historian/": {"t": "Historian", "s": "Scholar who studies and writes about the past.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historian.webp", "c": "Anasuyas · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/livy/": {"t": "Livy", "s": "Roman historian who wrote Ab Urbe Condita, a monumental history of Rome from its founding through the reign of Augustus."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/roman-empire/": {"t": "Roman Empire", "s": "Medieval and early modern empire claiming direct Roman succession, dissolved in 1806."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire/": {"t": "Parthian Empire", "s": "The Arsacid Iranian power that ruled from 247 BC to 224 AD and stood astride the Silk Road.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/parthian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Parthian Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire/": {"t": "Sasanian Empire", "s": "Iranian empire lasting from 224 to 651 AD.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/sasanian-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Aztec Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/muslim-conquest-of-persia/": {"t": "Muslim conquest of Persia", "s": "The Muslim conquest of Persia, occurring between 633 and 651 CE, saw the Rashidun Caliphate absorb the Sasanian Empire into the early Muslim conquests."}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire/": {"t": "Seleucid Empire", "s": "Greek state in West Asia founded by Seleucus I Nicator in 312 BC, annexed by the Roman Republic in 63 BC.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/img/pre-columbian-empires/seleucid-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Seleucid Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/landforms-and-regions/e/landforms-and-regions/iranian-plateau/": {"t": "Iranian plateau", "s": "Geological and historical region spanning Central and South Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/antiochus-iii-the-great/": {"t": "Antiochus III the Great", "s": "The Great King who restored the Seleucid Empire and clashed with Rome."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/pompey/": {"t": "Pompey", "s": "Roman general and statesman, rival of Julius Caesar", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/pompey.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · via Wikipedia: Pompey · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/western-world/": {"t": "Western world", "s": "An evolving cultural, political, and economic concept of diverse groups."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/marcus-licinius-crassus/": {"t": "Marcus Licinius Crassus", "s": "The richest man in Rome and a key figure in the First Triumvirate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/marcus-licinius-crassus.webp", "c": "Rijksmuseum · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/julius-caesar/": {"t": "Julius Caesar", "s": "Roman general, dictator, and author who transformed the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/gaius-cassius-longinus/": {"t": "Gaius Cassius Longinus", "s": "Roman senator and general who led the plot to kill Julius Caesar.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/gaius-cassius-longinus.webp", "c": "Marie-Lan Nguyen (User:Jastrow) 2009 · via Wikipedia: Gaius Cassius Longinus · CC BY 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/mark-antony/": {"t": "Mark Antony", "s": "Roman politician and general who helped transform the Republic into the Empire", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/mark-antony.webp", "c": "Byzantium565 · via Wikipedia: Mark Antony · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/medes/": {"t": "Medes", "s": "Iron Age Iranian people of Media, known from foreign sources and archaeology."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/e/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ardashir-i/": {"t": "Ardashir I", "s": "Founder of the Sasanian Empire and unifier of Iran.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-ea/img/ancient-rulers-of-africa-and-the-near-east/ardashir-i.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of conflicts in the Near East · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/diocletian/": {"t": "Diocletian", "s": "Roman emperor who stabilized the empire, initiated the Tetrarchy, and abdicated voluntarily."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio/": {"t": "Cassius Dio", "s": "Roman historian and senator who wrote an 80-volume history of Rome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/cassius-dio.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Caracalla · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/manchuria/": {"t": "Manchuria", "s": "Historical region in Northeast Asia, homeland of the Manchus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/manchuria.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula/": {"t": "Liaodong Peninsula", "s": "Strategic peninsula in Northeast China, site of major wars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/img/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/liaodong-peninsula.webp", "c": "Gary Todd from Xinzheng, China · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/yellow-sea/": {"t": "Yellow Sea", "s": "Marginal sea between China and Korea, named for its yellow silt."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/sea-of-japan/": {"t": "Sea of Japan", "s": "A marginal sea shaped by isolation, geology, and history."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-sino-japanese-war/": {"t": "First Sino-Japanese War", "s": "Conflict between Qing China and Japan over influence in Korea."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/nautical-mile/": {"t": "Nautical mile", "s": "Unit of length for air, marine, and space navigation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/monroe-doctrine/": {"t": "Monroe Doctrine", "s": "U.S. policy opposing foreign intervention in the Western Hemisphere."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/western-hemisphere/": {"t": "Western Hemisphere", "s": "U.S. Department of Defense school for Latin American security personnel, formerly the School of the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-ii/": {"t": "Nicholas II", "s": "Last Emperor of Russia, abdicated in 1917, executed in 1918."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/crimean-war/": {"t": "Crimean War", "s": "A mid-19th century conflict between Russia and an alliance of the Ottoman Empire, France, the United Kingdom, and Sardinia, notable for modern technologies and "}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/druze/": {"t": "Druze", "s": "Esoteric monotheistic group originating from Ismā‘īli Shiʿa Islam."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/otto-von-bismarck/": {"t": "Otto von Bismarck", "s": "Prussian statesman who unified Germany and became its first chancellor."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/alexander-ii-of-russia/": {"t": "Alexander II of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia who emancipated the serfs and pursued liberal reforms."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/austria-hungary/": {"t": "Austria-Hungary", "s": "A dual monarchy that shaped Central Europe for half a century."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire/": {"t": "German Empire", "s": "German Empire from 1871 unification to 1918 revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/german-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: German Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/bucharest/": {"t": "Bucharest", "s": "Capital and largest city of Romania, historically called 'Paris of the East'."}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/painters-and-visual-artists/vasily-vereshchagin/": {"t": "Vasily Vereshchagin", "s": "Russian war painter and traveller who showed the horrors of battle to promote peace.", "i": "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/img/painters-and-visual-artists/vasily-vereshchagin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vasily Vereshchagin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/south-african-republic/": {"t": "South African Republic", "s": "Independent Boer republic annexed after the Second Boer War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/south-african-republic.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Africa · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/e/military-commanders-of-the-world-wars/herbert-kitchener-1st-earl-kitchener/": {"t": "Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener", "s": "British field marshal and colonial administrator, key in Sudan and First World War."}, "https://codexery.com/warfare-military-history/e/warfare-and-military-history/counterinsurgency/": {"t": "Counterinsurgency", "s": "State action against irregular forces, blending military and political means."}, "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/e/military-conflicts-and-wars/first-boer-war/": {"t": "First Boer War", "s": "A short but decisive conflict between the United Kingdom and Boers of the Transvaal, resulting in Boer victory.", "i": "https://codexery.com/military-conflicts-and-wars/img/military-conflicts-and-wars/first-boer-war.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First Boer War · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/e/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope/": {"t": "Cape of Good Hope", "s": "Rocky headland on the Cape Peninsula, key to the Cape Route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/img/peninsulas-and-cape-landforms/cape-of-good-hope.webp", "c": "Dietmar Rabich · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars/": {"t": "Napoleonic Wars", "s": "Global conflicts from 1803 to 1815, featuring coalitions against Napoleon and French domination of Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/wars-conflicts/img/wars-and-conflicts/napoleonic-wars.webp", "c": "Ruedi33a · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/e/mountains-and-mountain-ranges/drakensberg/": {"t": "Drakensberg", "s": "Eastern Great Escarpment forming the highest mountains in southern Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/fn-heckler-koch-sig-and-mauser-firearms/e/fn-heckler-and-koch-sig-and-mauser-firearms/7-57mm-mauser/": {"t": "7×57mm Mauser", "s": "A first-generation smokeless powder cartridge with lasting sporting appeal."}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/mauser-model-1895/": {"t": "Mauser Model 1895", "s": "A modified Mauser 1893 exported widely and used in multiple wars.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/img/bolt-action-rifles/mauser-model-1895.webp", "c": "Don-vip · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/bolt-action-rifles/e/bolt-action-rifles/lee-enfield/": {"t": "Lee–Enfield", "s": "The fastest military bolt-action rifle of its day."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/concentration-camp/": {"t": "Concentration camp", "s": "From colonial reconcentración to industrial genocide—a tool of oppression.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/concentration-camp.webp", "c": "Ozzy Chatgris · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/african-wars-of-independence/e/african-wars-of-independence/first-congo-war/": {"t": "First Congo War", "s": "Conflict that overthrew Mobutu and led to the Second Congo War."}, "https://codexery.com/african-and-asian-leaders/e/african-and-asian-leaders/laurent-d-sir-kabila/": {"t": "Laurent-Désiré Kabila", "s": "President of the DRC assassinated by a former child soldier bodyguard."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/tutsi/": {"t": "Tutsi", "s": "A Bantu-speaking ethnic group established primarily in Rwanda and Burundi, traditionally pastoralist and historically the ruling class."}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/rwandan-genocide/": {"t": "Rwandan genocide", "s": "Over approximately 100 days, members of the Tutsi ethnic group, as well as some moderate Hutu and Twa, were systematically killed by Hutu militias.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/img/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/rwandan-genocide.webp", "c": "Adam Jones, Ph.D. · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/congo-river/": {"t": "Congo River", "s": "Second-longest African river, deepest in the world, crossing the equator twice.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/congo-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Congo River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mobutu-sese-seko/": {"t": "Mobutu Sese Seko", "s": "First and only president of Zaire, known for totalitarian rule."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/patrice-lumumba/": {"t": "Patrice Lumumba", "s": "First prime minister of the independent Congo and pan-African martyr."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/mao-zedong/": {"t": "Mao Zedong", "s": "Founder of the People's Republic of China and CCP leader."}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/che-guevara/": {"t": "Che Guevara", "s": "Memorial in Santa Clara, Cuba, housing the remains of Che Guevara and 29 fellow combatants.", "i": "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/img/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/che-guevara.webp", "c": "Alberto Korda, restored by Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Che Guevara · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/kinshasa/": {"t": "Kinshasa", "s": "Capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a fast-growing megacity on the Congo River."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/lynching/": {"t": "Lynching", "s": "Extrajudicial mob killing used for punishment and intimidation."}, "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/e/violence-and-conflict/genocide/": {"t": "Genocide", "s": "The intentional destruction of a human group, in whole or in part.", "i": "https://codexery.com/violence-conflict/img/violence-and-conflict/genocide.webp", "c": "Aleksey Chalabyan (a.k.a. Xelgen) · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/hydroelectricity/": {"t": "Hydroelectricity", "s": "Electricity generated from hydropower, a key low-carbon energy source."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-and-settlements/e/cities-and-settlements/harare/": {"t": "Harare", "s": "Harare is the capital and largest city of Zimbabwe, serving as the nation's commercial and governmental hub."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-territories/e/countries-and-territories/sudan/": {"t": "Sudan", "s": "Northeast African nation with ancient kingdoms and modern conflicts."}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/nelson-mandela/": {"t": "Nelson Mandela", "s": "South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and first black president."}, "https://codexery.com/african-and-asian-leaders/e/african-and-asian-leaders/joseph-kabila/": {"t": "Joseph Kabila", "s": "Fourth president of the DRC who ended the Second Congo War.", "i": "https://codexery.com/african-and-asian-leaders/img/african-and-asian-leaders/joseph-kabila.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Joseph Kabila · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/political-leaders-revolutionaries/e/political-leaders-and-revolutionaries/benito-mussolini/": {"t": "Benito Mussolini", "s": "Italian dictator who founded fascism and led Italy in World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/african-wars-of-independence/e/african-wars-of-independence/first-italo-ethiopian-war/": {"t": "First Italo-Ethiopian War", "s": "Because this was one of the first decisive victories by African forces over a European colonial power, this war became a preeminent symbol of pan-Africanism and"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/haile-selassie/": {"t": "Haile Selassie", "s": "Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974, modernizer and key figure in African unity."}, "https://codexery.com/capital-cities-of-africa/e/capital-cities-of-africa/addis-ababa/": {"t": "Addis Ababa", "s": "The political capital of Africa and highest capital on the continent."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/geneva-conventions/": {"t": "Geneva Conventions", "s": "Core treaties of international humanitarian law protecting non-combatants."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-red-cross-and-red-crescent-movement/": {"t": "International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement", "s": "Humanitarian movement founded to alleviate suffering and protect human life."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas/e/peninsulas/horn-of-africa/": {"t": "Horn of Africa", "s": "A strategically vital peninsula and cultural crossroads in eastern Africa."}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pierre-laval/": {"t": "Pierre Laval", "s": "French politician and prime minister executed for Nazi collaboration"}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/anthony-eden/": {"t": "Anthony Eden", "s": "British prime minister from 1955 to 1957, whose reputation was overshadowed by the Suez Crisis.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/anthony-eden.webp", "c": "Alfred Douglas Kissack d.1944 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "https://codexery.com/machine-guns/e/machine-guns/hotchkiss-m1922-machine-gun/": {"t": "Hotchkiss M1922 machine gun", "s": "A French light machine gun exported widely but not adopted by France."}, "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/e/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/xianfeng-emperor/": {"t": "Xianfeng Emperor", "s": "The eighth Qing emperor who faced rebellions and foreign wars, and was the last to rule alone.", "i": "https://codexery.com/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/img/monarchs-and-rulers-of-asia/xianfeng-emperor.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of Chinese monarchs · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/pre-columbian-empires/e/pre-columbian-empires/qing-dynasty/": {"t": "Qing dynasty", "s": "The Qing dynasty, also called the Great Qing or Qing China, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty that ruled from 1636 or 1644 until 1912."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/tianjin/": {"t": "Tianjin", "s": "A dual-core port city on the Hai River and Bohai Gulf."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/beijing/": {"t": "Beijing", "s": "The world's most populous national capital, blending millennia of history with cutting-edge innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/modern-metropolis/hong-kong/": {"t": "Hong Kong", "s": "Asia's world city, a global financial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/taiping-rebellion/": {"t": "Taiping Rebellion", "s": "A 14-year civil war that devastated Qing China."}, "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/e/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/kowloon-peninsula/": {"t": "Kowloon Peninsula", "s": "A historic peninsula in Hong Kong, shaped by reclamation and imperial cessions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/img/peninsulas-and-isthmuses/kowloon-peninsula.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Tai Kok Tsui · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/medications-and-pharmacology/e/medications-and-pharmacology/opium/": {"t": "Opium", "s": "Dried latex from opium poppy, used for millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/first-opium-war/": {"t": "First Opium War", "s": "Conflict between Britain and Qing China over opium trade and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/international-relations-and-concepts/e/international-relations-and-concepts/imperialism/": {"t": "Imperialism", "s": "Imperialism is the extension of power over foreign nations through hard and soft power."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-rebellion-of-1857/": {"t": "Indian Rebellion of 1857", "s": "A mutiny that became a rebellion, reshaping an empire.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/img/revolutions-and-conflicts/indian-rebellion-of-1857.webp", "c": "From a variety of images credited above. · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/part-1/henry-john-temple-3rd-viscount-palmerston/": {"t": "Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston", "s": "First Liberal Party prime minister and dominant foreign policy figure"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/vladivostok/": {"t": "Vladivostok", "s": "Vladivostok: Russia's Pacific capital and gateway to the East."}, "https://codexery.com/former-empires/e/former-empires/manchukuo/": {"t": "Manchukuo", "s": "Japanese puppet state in Manchuria, 1932–1945."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/chiang-kai-shek/": {"t": "Chiang Kai-shek", "s": "Chinese military commander, revolutionary, and statesman; President of the Republic of China from 1948 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-conflicts/e/modern-conflicts/chinese-civil-war/": {"t": "Chinese Civil War", "s": "Civil war between KMT and CCP, ending in Communist victory."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/changsha/": {"t": "Changsha", "s": "Capital of Hunan, ancient city, and global industrial hub."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki/": {"t": "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki", "s": "First and only nuclear attacks in war, ending World War II.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/atomic-bombings-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki.webp", "c": "Government Printing Office · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/e/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-invasion-of-manchuria/": {"t": "Soviet invasion of Manchuria", "s": "Soviet offensive that helped end World War II in the Pacific.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-topics/img/world-war-ii-topics/soviet-invasion-of-manchuria.webp", "c": "Tazadeperla · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/xi-an/": {"t": "Xi'an", "s": "Ancient capital, modern hub of Western China."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/europe/": {"t": "Europe", "s": "Second-smallest continent, birthplace of Western civilisation and European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/indian-subcontinent/": {"t": "Indian subcontinent", "s": "A physiographic region below the Himalayas, divided into three nations."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/habsburg-monarchy/": {"t": "Habsburg monarchy", "s": "A composite monarchy ruled by the House of Habsburg across Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roma/e/duchies-and-electorates-of-the-holy-roman-empire/electorate-of-saxony/": {"t": "Electorate of Saxony", "s": "A key electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, centered on Saxe-Wittenberg."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/french-and-indian-war/": {"t": "French and Indian War", "s": "North American conflict between Britain and France for colonial dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/e/rivers-of-the-world/ohio-river/": {"t": "Ohio River", "s": "Major U.S. river, historic boundary and transportation route.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-the-world/img/rivers-of-the-world/ohio-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Ohio River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-washington/": {"t": "George Washington", "s": "First president of the United States and commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/prince-elector/": {"t": "Prince-elector", "s": "Electors chose the emperor and held unique imperial privileges."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/louis-xiv/": {"t": "Louis XIV", "s": "The Sun King who defined absolute monarchy and led France to European dominance."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/e/european-statesmen-and-prime-ministers/thomas-pelham-holles-1st-duke-of-newcastle/": {"t": "Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle", "s": "Whig statesman and prime minister who dominated patronage politics."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/artillery/": {"t": "Artillery", "s": "Ranged weapons launching munitions far beyond infantry firearms."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/konbaung-dynasty/": {"t": "Konbaung dynasty", "s": "The last dynasty of Burma, from 1752 to 1885."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/mongols/": {"t": "Mongols", "s": "East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia and parts of China and Siberia."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/eight-banners/": {"t": "Eight Banners", "s": "Administrative and military divisions of the Later Jin and Qing dynasties.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/eight-banners.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Eight Banners · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/thai-people/": {"t": "Thai people", "s": "The Thai people, historically known as Siamese, are a Tai ethnic group native to Thailand, speaking Kra–Dai languages and predominantly following Theravada Budd"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/ming-dynasty/": {"t": "Ming dynasty", "s": "The last Han-led imperial dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires-rulers/e/ancient-empires-rulers/bayinnaung/": {"t": "Bayinnaung", "s": "King of Burma who built Southeast Asia's largest empire."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/e/rivers-and-lakes/irrawaddy-river/": {"t": "Irrawaddy River", "s": "Principal river of Myanmar, vital for commerce, agriculture, and biodiversity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-lakes/img/rivers-and-lakes/irrawaddy-river.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Irrawaddy River · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/french-people/": {"t": "French people", "s": "A people defined by citizenship, language, and a shared willingness to live together."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/dysentery/": {"t": "Dysentery", "s": "A diarrheal disease causing bloody stools, often from poor sanitation."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/malaria/": {"t": "Malaria", "s": "Mosquito-borne parasitic disease causing fever, anemia, and death."}, "https://codexery.com/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/e/indigenous-peoples-of-the-world/manchu-people/": {"t": "Manchu people", "s": "Tungusic people who founded the Qing dynasty of China."}, "https://codexery.com/ethnic-indigenous-groups/e/ethnic-and-indigenous-groups/turkic-peoples/": {"t": "Turkic peoples", "s": "A collection of diverse ethnic groups speaking Turkic languages, originating in Central-East Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-franco/": {"t": "Francisco Franco", "s": "Spanish military general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/catalonia/": {"t": "Catalonia", "s": "An autonomous community in northeastern Spain with a distinct history and language."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/conscription/": {"t": "Conscription", "s": "Compulsory enlistment in national service, enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/president-government-title/": {"t": "President (government title)", "s": "Title for head of state in most republics."}, "https://codexery.com/forms-of-government/e/forms-of-government/head-of-state/": {"t": "Head of state", "s": "The public persona of a sovereign state."}, "https://codexery.com/labor-employment/e/labor-and-employment/strike-action/": {"t": "Strike action", "s": "A form of direct action in which employees collectively refuse to work, usually in response to grievances."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/miguel-de-unamuno/": {"t": "Miguel de Unamuno", "s": "Spanish essayist, novelist, and philosopher of modernist literature."}, "https://codexery.com/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/e/colonial-and-post-colonial-leaders/emilio-mola/": {"t": "Emilio Mola", "s": "Emilio Mola y Vidal was a Spanish military officer who played a central role in the July 1936 revolt that initiated the Spanish Civil War."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/canary-islands/": {"t": "Canary Islands", "s": "The Fortunate Isles: a subtropical archipelago linking Africa, Europe, and the Americas."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/balearic-islands/": {"t": "Balearic Islands", "s": "Spanish archipelago in the western Mediterranean, known for tourism and slinger history."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/philippine-american-war/": {"t": "Philippine–American War", "s": "Conflict over U.S. annexation of the Philippines after the Spanish–American War."}, "https://codexery.com/european-statesmen-prime-ministers/e/part-1/grover-cleveland/": {"t": "Grover Cleveland", "s": "22nd and 24th U.S. president; first to serve nonconsecutive terms."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas/": {"t": "Americas", "s": "The New World landmass spanning from Arctic tundra to tropical rainforests.", "i": "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/img/regions-and-cultural-spheres/americas.webp", "c": "GrandEscogriffe · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/e/african-conflicts-and-colonialism/ten-years-war/": {"t": "Ten Years' War", "s": "First of three Cuban wars for independence from Spain."}, "https://codexery.com/publishers-and-media-moguls/e/publishers-and-media-moguls/joseph-pulitzer/": {"t": "Joseph Pulitzer", "s": "The Hungarian-American publisher who revolutionized journalism and endowed the Pulitzer Prizes."}, "https://codexery.com/publishers-and-media-moguls/e/publishers-and-media-moguls/william-randolph-hearst/": {"t": "William Randolph Hearst", "s": "The newspaper magnate who shaped yellow journalism and inspired Citizen Kane."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-inventions/e/russian-inventions/armored-cruiser/": {"t": "Armored cruiser", "s": "Armored cruiser: a long-range warship with belt armor."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-mexico/": {"t": "Gulf of Mexico", "s": "Marginal sea of the Atlantic, bordered by the U.S., Mexico, and Cuba.", "i": "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/img/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-mexico.webp", "c": "NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. · via Wikipedia: Gulf of Mexico · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/george-dewey/": {"t": "George Dewey", "s": "The only Admiral of the Navy, victor of Manila Bay.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/leaders/george-dewey.webp", "c": "Admiral George Dewey, scanned from photogravure from 1899 book in Infrogmation own collection, and uploaded by Infrogmation to en:Wikipedia on 13 November 2002. · via Wikipedia: George Dewey · Public domain"}}