{"https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/photorealism/": {"t": "Photorealism", "s": "Art movement reproducing photographs with meticulous realism."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/glass-art/": {"t": "Glass art", "s": "Glass art spans millennia from vessels to monumental sculptures."}, "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/e/diseases-and-conditions/schizophrenia/": {"t": "Schizophrenia", "s": "A chronic mental disorder with psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficits.", "i": "https://codexery.com/diseases-and-conditions/img/diseases-and-conditions/schizophrenia.webp", "c": "cometstarmoon · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/aktion-t4/": {"t": "Aktion T4", "s": "Nazi involuntary euthanasia program targeting the disabled and mentally ill.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/aktion-t4.webp", "c": "Qwertzu111111 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/socialist-realism/": {"t": "Socialist realism", "s": "Official Soviet art doctrine depicting reality in revolutionary development."}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/gustav-mahler/": {"t": "Gustav Mahler", "s": "Austro-Bohemian Romantic composer and conductor", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/gustav-mahler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Gustav Mahler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/jean-sibelius/": {"t": "Jean Sibelius", "s": "Finnish composer of the late Romantic and early modern periods, known for his seven symphonies and works like Finlandia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/jean-sibelius.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Jean Sibelius · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/h-g-wells/": {"t": "H. G. Wells", "s": "English writer and prophetic social critic."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/franz-kafka/": {"t": "Franz Kafka", "s": "German-language Jewish Czech writer of surreal bureaucratic predicaments."}, "https://codexery.com/french-regions/e/french-regions/corsica/": {"t": "Corsica", "s": "Mediterranean island, French region with growing nationalist movement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/caspar-david-friedrich/": {"t": "Caspar David Friedrich", "s": "German Romantic landscape painter known for symbolic, contemplative depictions of nature."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-activists-dissidents/e/miscellaneous-activists-and-dissidents/ulrike-meinhof/": {"t": "Ulrike Meinhof", "s": "German left-wing militant and founding member of the Red Army Faction."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/world-trade-center-1973-2001/": {"t": "World Trade Center (1973–2001)", "s": "Icon of New York City, destroyed on 9/11", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/world-trade-center-1973-2001.webp", "c": "Eric Ascalon ******************** · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/magazines-newspapers/e/magazines-and-newspapers/frankfurter-allgemeine-zeitung/": {"t": "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", "s": "Zeitung für Deutschland"}, "https://codexery.com/modern-contemporary-artists/e/modern-and-contemporary-artists/yves-klein/": {"t": "Yves Klein", "s": "French artist and leading member of Nouveau réalisme, pioneer of performance art."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "/e/visual-artists/giotto/": {"t": "Giotto", "s": "Italian painter and architect from Florence, known for his frescoes in the Scrovegni Chapel and as a key figure of the Proto-Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/giotto.webp", "c": "Unidentified painter · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/lives-of-the-most-excellent-painters-sculptors-and-architects/": {"t": "Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects", "s": "First important book on art history, by Giorgio Vasari."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci/": {"t": "Leonardo da Vinci", "s": "Italian polymath of the High Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci.webp", "c": "Attributed to Francesco Melzi · via Wikipedia: Leonardo da Vinci · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/michelangelo/": {"t": "Michelangelo", "s": "Italian High Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, and poet.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/michelangelo.webp", "c": "Attributed to Daniele da Volterra · via Wikipedia: Michelangelo · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/mannerism/": {"t": "Mannerism", "s": "A European style exaggerating High Renaissance ideals into artificial elegance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/florence/": {"t": "Florence", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance and capital of Tuscany."}, "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/e/historiography-and-methods/historiography/": {"t": "Historiography", "s": "The study of how history is written and interpreted.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historiography-methods/img/historiography-and-methods/historiography.webp", "c": "Riad Salih and Nursila · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/italian-regions/e/italian-regions/tuscany/": {"t": "Tuscany", "s": "Birthplace of the Renaissance, land of art, wine, and timeless landscapes."}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/luca-signorelli/": {"t": "Luca Signorelli", "s": "Renaissance painter famed for his frescoes of the Last Judgment."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/stained-glass/": {"t": "Stained glass", "s": "Coloured glass used in windows and decorative art."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/pontormo/": {"t": "Pontormo", "s": "Italian Mannerist painter known for twining poses and ambiguous perspective.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/pontormo.webp", "c": "Sailko · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/grand-duchy-of-tuscany/": {"t": "Grand Duchy of Tuscany", "s": "The grand duchy experienced periods of economic and military success under Cosimo I and his sons, followed by a long economic decline."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/rome/": {"t": "Rome", "s": "The Eternal City, capital of Italy and cradle of Western civilization."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/raphael/": {"t": "Raphael", "s": "High Renaissance painter and architect, known for clarity and harmony."}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/florence-cathedral/": {"t": "Florence Cathedral", "s": "Florence's iconic cathedral, home to the world's largest masonry dome.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/florence-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Florence Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/visual-arts-and-artworks/uffizi/": {"t": "Uffizi", "s": "One of the first modern museums, housing Medici art collections."}, "https://codexery.com/bridges/e/great-bridges/the-ponte-vecchio/": {"t": "The Ponte Vecchio", "s": "Medieval bridge spared in WWII, lined with shops.", "i": "https://codexery.com/bridges/img/great-bridges/the-ponte-vecchio.webp", "c": "Ввласенко · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/piedmont/": {"t": "Piedmont", "s": "Northwest Italian region, historic heart of Italian unification."}, "https://codexery.com/architects/e/architects/giacomo-barozzi-da-vignola/": {"t": "Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola", "s": "Italian Mannerist architect, key figure in spreading Renaissance style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architects/img/architects/giacomo-barozzi-da-vignola.webp", "c": "Warburg · via Wikipedia: Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/biography/": {"t": "Biography", "s": "A detailed account of a person's life and experience."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/leon-battista-alberti/": {"t": "Leon Battista Alberti", "s": "Renaissance polymath who shaped art, architecture, and cryptography.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/leon-battista-alberti.webp", "c": "Leon Battista Alberti · via Wikipedia: Leon Battista Alberti · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/gothic-art/": {"t": "Gothic art", "s": "Medieval art style originating in 12th-century Northern France."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/titian/": {"t": "Titian", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter, founder of the Venetian school, known for his masterful use of colour.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/titian.webp", "c": "Titian · via Wikipedia: Titian · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/e/european-prime-ministers-and-statesmen/pope-leo-x/": {"t": "Pope Leo X", "s": "Pope Leo X was the last pope not to have been in priestly orders at the time of his election."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/cimabue/": {"t": "Cimabue", "s": "Italian painter and mosaic designer who broke from Byzantine style", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/cimabue.webp", "c": "Sailko · via Wikipedia: Cimabue · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/pietro-perugino/": {"t": "Pietro Perugino", "s": "Umbrian painter whose work prefigured the High Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/iconic-paintings/e/iconic-paintings/a-burial-at-ornans/": {"t": "A Burial at Ornans", "s": "A realist funeral scene that scandalized 19th-century Paris."}, "/e/visual-artists/rembrandt/": {"t": "Rembrandt", "s": "Dutch Golden Age master of light, shadow, and human emotion.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/rembrandt.webp", "c": "Rembrandt · via Wikipedia: Rembrandt · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/romanticism/": {"t": "Romanticism", "s": "Movement valuing emotion, imagination, and nature over Enlightenment rationalism."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/impressionism/": {"t": "Impressionism", "s": "A 19th-century French art movement emphasizing light and ordinary subjects."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/cubism/": {"t": "Cubism", "s": "Avant-garde movement that revolutionized visual art through multiple perspectives."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/landscape-painting/": {"t": "Landscape painting", "s": "Depiction of natural scenery as a coherent composition."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/still-life/": {"t": "Still life", "s": "A genre of art depicting inanimate objects, emerging in the late 16th century."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution/": {"t": "French Revolution", "s": "The 1789–1799 upheaval that toppled the French monarchy and shaped liberal democracy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/french-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: French Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/victor-hugo/": {"t": "Victor Hugo", "s": "French Romantic author, poet, and human rights activist."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-crafts/e/visual-arts-and-crafts/self-portrait/": {"t": "Self-portrait", "s": "Artists depict themselves from antiquity to the present."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/frans-hals/": {"t": "Frans Hals", "s": "Dutch Golden Age portraitist of Haarlem", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/frans-hals.webp", "c": "After Frans Hals · via Wikipedia: Frans Hals · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jean-sim-on-chardin/": {"t": "Jean Siméon Chardin", "s": "Master of still life and genre painting in 18th-century France", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jean-sim-on-chardin.webp", "c": "Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin · via Wikipedia: Jean Siméon Chardin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/e/historical-figures-and-leaders/pierre-joseph-proudhon/": {"t": "Pierre-Joseph Proudhon", "s": "First to call himself an anarchist; founder of mutualism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures-leaders/img/historical-figures-and-leaders/pierre-joseph-proudhon.webp", "c": "Frédéric Bastiat / Pierre-Joseph Proudhon · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/neoclassicism/": {"t": "Neoclassicism", "s": "A Western revival of classical antiquity inspired by Enlightenment ideals."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/history-painting/": {"t": "History painting", "s": "A narrative painting genre, traditionally the highest form of Western art."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jean-fran-ois-millet/": {"t": "Jean-François Millet", "s": "French painter and founder of the Barbizon school, noted for realistic depictions of peasant farmers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jean-fran-ois-millet.webp", "c": "Nadar / Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Jean-François Millet · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-baudelaire/": {"t": "Charles Baudelaire", "s": "French poet who coined modernity and wrote Les Fleurs du mal."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/napoleon-iii/": {"t": "Napoleon III", "s": "First elected president and last monarch of France."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/avant-garde/": {"t": "Avant-garde", "s": "Experimental art challenging societal norms and artistic conventions."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/douard-manet/": {"t": "Édouard Manet", "s": "French modernist painter and pivotal figure in the transition from Realism to Impressionism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/douard-manet.webp", "c": "Nadar / Adam Cuerden · via Wikipedia: Édouard Manet · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/franco-prussian-war/": {"t": "Franco-Prussian War", "s": "Conflict that unified Germany and ended French imperial rule."}, "https://codexery.com/seafood/e/seafood/trout/": {"t": "Trout", "s": "Trout are carnivorous freshwater fish, closely related to salmon, and include species like rainbow, brown, and brook trout, with some anadromous forms like stee"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/claude-monet/": {"t": "Claude Monet", "s": "French painter and founder of Impressionism, precursor to modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paul-c-zanne/": {"t": "Paul Cézanne", "s": "French Post-Impressionist painter who bridged Impressionism and Cubism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/paul-c-zanne.webp", "c": "Unknown; Cézanne was born in 1839 and died in 1906 · via Wikipedia: Paul Cézanne · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/e/philosophical-traditions/dialectical-materialism/": {"t": "Dialectical materialism", "s": "A materialist philosophy of nature and society based on Hegelian dialectics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-traditions/img/philosophical-traditions/dialectical-materialism.webp", "c": "Omar kandil · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/the-holocaust/": {"t": "The Holocaust", "s": "The Holocaust, called the Shoah in Hebrew, refers to the systematic murder of European Jews carried out during World War II."}, "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/e/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp/": {"t": "Auschwitz concentration camp", "s": "Site of the largest mass murder in a single location in history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/img/world-war-ii-and-its-aftermath/auschwitz-concentration-camp.webp", "c": "Ynnarski · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/normandy/": {"t": "Normandy", "s": "The historic homeland of the Normans, spanning mainland France and the Channel Islands."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/st-phane-mallarm/": {"t": "Stéphane Mallarmé", "s": "French Symbolist poet whose work inspired early 20th-century avant-garde movements."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/nicolas-poussin/": {"t": "Nicolas Poussin", "s": "Leading painter of the classical French Baroque style", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/nicolas-poussin.webp", "c": "Nicolas Poussin · via Wikipedia: Nicolas Poussin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jacques-louis-david/": {"t": "Jacques-Louis David", "s": "French Neoclassical painter and dictator of arts under the Republic."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/modernism/": {"t": "Modernism", "s": "Early 20th-century movement emphasizing experimentation and subjective experience."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/fyodor-dostoevsky/": {"t": "Fyodor Dostoevsky", "s": "Russian novelist and philosopher of the human condition"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/arthur-schopenhauer/": {"t": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "s": "German philosopher known for pessimism and The World as Will and Representation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/friedrich-nietzsche/": {"t": "Friedrich Nietzsche", "s": "German philosopher and philologist known for his critiques of religion, morality, and truth."}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/marcel-proust/": {"t": "Marcel Proust", "s": "French novelist who pioneered stream of consciousness."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/e/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce/": {"t": "James Joyce", "s": "Modernist prose master whose works center on Dublin and revolutionized literary style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-prose-masters/img/modernist-prose-masters/james-joyce.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: James Joyce · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/georg-wilhelm-friedrich-hegel/": {"t": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "s": "German philosopher and major figure in German idealism"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/warsaw/": {"t": "Warsaw", "s": "Capital and largest city of Poland, on the Vistula River."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/madrid/": {"t": "Madrid", "s": "Capital of Spain, political, economic and cultural centre, and home to the Royal Palace and the Golden Triangle of Art."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/fauvism/": {"t": "Fauvism", "s": "A French art movement known for bold color and expressive brushwork."}, "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/e/public-holidays-and-observances/new-year-s-eve/": {"t": "New Year's Eve", "s": "The last day of the Gregorian year, celebrated worldwide with fireworks, feasts, and festivities.", "i": "https://codexery.com/public-holidays-observances/img/public-holidays-and-observances/new-year-s-eve.webp", "c": "Syced · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/european-regions/e/european-regions/picardy/": {"t": "Picardy", "s": "Historical territory in northern France, never a duchy or principality."}, "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/e/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/appendicitis/": {"t": "Appendicitis", "s": "Inflammation of the appendix, a common surgical emergency.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-s/img/inflammatory-diseases-of-the-digestive-system/appendicitis.webp", "c": "CoRus13 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/antoine-watteau/": {"t": "Antoine Watteau", "s": "French painter who invented the fêtes galantes genre."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/vincent-van-gogh/": {"t": "Vincent van Gogh", "s": "The tortured genius who changed art forever.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/vincent-van-gogh.webp", "c": "Vincent van Gogh · via Wikipedia: Vincent van Gogh · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/camille-pissarro/": {"t": "Camille Pissarro", "s": "Danish-French Impressionist and Neo-Impressionist painter"}, "/e/visual-artists/j-m-w-turner/": {"t": "J. M. W. Turner", "s": "English Romantic painter who elevated landscape painting."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/auguste-rodin/": {"t": "Auguste Rodin", "s": "French sculptor considered founder of modern sculpture."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/yorkshire/": {"t": "Yorkshire", "s": "God's own country"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/barbara-hepworth/": {"t": "Barbara Hepworth", "s": "English modernist sculptor and leading figure of the St Ives artists' colony", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/barbara-hepworth.webp", "c": "Erling Mandelmann · via Wikipedia: Barbara Hepworth · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/constantin-br-ncu-i/": {"t": "Constantin Brâncuși", "s": "Romanian sculptor and pioneer of modernism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/notable/constantin-br-ncu-i.webp", "c": "Edward Steichen · via Wikipedia: Constantin Brâncuși · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/sculptors-architects/e/sculptors-and-architects/giovanni-pisano/": {"t": "Giovanni Pisano", "s": "Italian sculptor blending French Gothic and Roman art."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-empires/e/ancient-empires/maya-civilization/": {"t": "Maya civilization", "s": "Ancient Mesoamerican civilization known for its temples, glyphs, and advanced mathematics."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/london-underground/": {"t": "London Underground", "s": "First new deep level tube stock since 1997; entered service 2009–2011."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/buckinghamshire/": {"t": "Buckinghamshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South East England, home to the Chiltern Hills and the city of Milton Keynes."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/modernist-and-contemporary-pioneers/naum-gabo/": {"t": "Naum Gabo", "s": "Russian and American constructivist sculptor and theorist."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jean-arp/": {"t": "Jean Arp", "s": "German-French Dadaist and abstract artist", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jean-arp.webp", "c": "Original uploader was Vincent Steenberg at nl.wikipedia · via Wikipedia: Jean Arp · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/alberto-giacometti/": {"t": "Alberto Giacometti", "s": "Swiss sculptor of existential forms"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/e/world-heritage-sites-in-spain/cave-of-altamira/": {"t": "Cave of Altamira", "s": "Prehistoric cave complex with first recognized Paleolithic paintings in Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/hertfordshire/": {"t": "Hertfordshire", "s": "The county of deer crossings and garden cities."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/walter-gropius/": {"t": "Walter Gropius", "s": "German-American architect and founder of the Bauhaus School", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/walter-gropius.webp", "c": "Louis Held · via Wikipedia: Walter Gropius · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/enrico-fermi/": {"t": "Enrico Fermi", "s": "Architect of the nuclear age and the atomic bomb."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/palace-of-westminster/": {"t": "Palace of Westminster", "s": "Meeting place of the UK Parliament, a symbol of British government."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/jean-paul-sartre/": {"t": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "s": "French existentialist philosopher, political activist, and writer"}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/printing/": {"t": "Printing", "s": "Printing enabled mass reproduction of text and images."}, "/e/visual-artists/hokusai/": {"t": "Hokusai", "s": "Japanese ukiyo-e master of the Edo period, creator of The Great Wave off Kanagawa."}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/e/medieval-and-early-modern-asian-empires/edo-period/": {"t": "Edo period", "s": "Period of Tokugawa rule marked by peace, isolation, and cultural flourishing."}, "https://codexery.com/famous-paintings/e/famous-paintings/thirty-six-views-of-mount-fuji/": {"t": "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji", "s": "Hokusai's iconic series of Mount Fuji landscapes, including The Great Wave off Kanagawa."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/tokyo/": {"t": "Tokyo", "s": "The capital of Japan, a global hub of economy, culture, and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-folklore/e/japanese-folklore/daruma-doll/": {"t": "Daruma doll", "s": "A Japanese talisman of perseverance and good luck."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/cholera/": {"t": "Cholera", "s": "An infection of the small intestine by Vibrio cholerae, causing watery diarrhea and dehydration."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/mica/": {"t": "Mica", "s": "Micas are silicate minerals with perfect basal cleavage."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/van-gogh-museum/": {"t": "Van Gogh Museum", "s": "Dutch museum housing the world's largest Van Gogh collection.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/van-gogh-museum.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Vincent van Gogh · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/visual-arts-and-artworks/the-great-wave-off-kanagawa/": {"t": "The Great Wave off Kanagawa", "s": "First in Thirty‑six Views of Mount Fuji"}, "https://codexery.com/human-relationships-and-life-stages/e/human-relationships-and-life-stages/concubinage/": {"t": "Concubinage", "s": "A historical practice of cohabitation without full marriage."}, "https://codexery.com/dance-forms/e/dance-forms/kabuki/": {"t": "Kabuki", "s": "Classical Japanese theatre blending drama, dance, and stylized performance."}, "https://codexery.com/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/e/hindu-and-buddhist-masters/bodhidharma/": {"t": "Bodhidharma", "s": "Semi-legendary monk who brought Chan Buddhism to China."}, "https://codexery.com/asian-literary-voices/e/asian-literary-voices/takizawa-bakin/": {"t": "Takizawa Bakin", "s": "Edo-period novelist and author of the epic Hakkenden."}, "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/e/prefectures-of-japan/nagano-prefecture/": {"t": "Nagano Prefecture", "s": "Landlocked prefecture hosting the 1998 Winter Olympics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/prefectures-of-japan/img/prefectures-of-japan/nagano-prefecture.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Nagano Prefecture · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/japanese-ghosts/e/japanese-ghosts/one-hundred-ghost-stories/": {"t": "One Hundred Ghost Stories", "s": "A series of five ghost-story prints by Hokusai."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/pierre-auguste-renoir/": {"t": "Pierre-Auguste Renoir", "s": "Leading French Impressionist known for vibrant light and feminine beauty.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/pierre-auguste-renoir.webp", "c": "UnknownUnknown  Musée d'Orsay, Dist. RMN-Grand Palais / Patrice Schmidt · via Wikipedia: Pierre-Auguste Renoir · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/art-nouveau/": {"t": "Art Nouveau", "s": "Whiplash curves, plant forms and iron and glass: the international style of the Belle Époque.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/img/art-movements-and-styles/art-nouveau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Art Nouveau · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/claude-debussy/": {"t": "Claude Debussy", "s": "French composer who rejected the term Impressionist but shaped modern music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/claude-debussy.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Claude Debussy · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/visual-arts-and-artworks/watercolor-painting/": {"t": "Watercolor painting", "s": "A painting method using pigments suspended in a water-based solution."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics/": {"t": "Aesthetics", "s": "Branch of philosophy studying beauty, art, and taste.", "i": "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/img/philosophical-concepts/aesthetics.webp", "c": "Ewan-M · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/saint-petersburg/": {"t": "Saint Petersburg", "s": "Russia's cultural capital and historic window to Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/nicholas-i-of-russia/": {"t": "Nicholas I of Russia", "s": "Emperor of Russia known for autocratic rule, territorial expansion, and suppression of dissent."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/silicon/": {"t": "Silicon", "s": "The semiconductor element that shapes the modern world."}, "/e/visual-artists/gustave-courbet/": {"t": "Gustave Courbet", "s": "French painter who led the Realism movement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/gustave-courbet.webp", "c": "Gustave Courbet · CC0"}, "/e/visual-artists/john-singer-sargent/": {"t": "John Singer Sargent", "s": "American expatriate portrait painter of Belle Époque and Edwardian luxury."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/expressionism/": {"t": "Expressionism", "s": "A modernist movement emphasizing subjective emotional experience over physical reality."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-spain/e/regions-of-spain/catalonia/": {"t": "Catalonia", "s": "An autonomous community in northeastern Spain with a distinct history and language."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/cultural/barcelona/": {"t": "Barcelona", "s": "Capital of Catalonia, Mediterranean metropolis, and global cultural hub."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/christianity/": {"t": "Christianity", "s": "World's largest religion, centered on Jesus Christ."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/ernest-hemingway/": {"t": "Ernest Hemingway", "s": "American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist known for his economical style and adventurous life."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/max-ernst/": {"t": "Max Ernst", "s": "German-born pioneer of Dada and surrealism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/max-ernst.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Max Ernst · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/new-york-city/": {"t": "New York City", "s": "The most populous city in the United States, a global center of finance, culture, and diplomacy."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/spanish-civil-war/": {"t": "Spanish Civil War", "s": "The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict fought in Spain between 1936 and 1939, pitting the Republican faction against the Nationalist rebels."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/francisco-franco/": {"t": "Francisco Franco", "s": "Spanish military general and dictator who ruled Spain from 1939 to 1975."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/gouache/": {"t": "Gouache", "s": "Opaque watercolor used for centuries in art and design."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-astronomy/e/ancient-greek-astronomy/celestial-spheres/": {"t": "Celestial spheres", "s": "Ancient Greek and medieval cosmological model of nested, rotating spheres carrying the planets and stars."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/salvador-dal/": {"t": "Salvador Dalí", "s": "Spanish surrealist master of striking and bizarre imagery", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/salvador-dal.webp", "c": "Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964. · via Wikipedia: Salvador Dalí · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-events-places/e/historical-events-and-places/september-11-attacks/": {"t": "September 11 attacks", "s": "Coordinated al-Qaeda suicide hijackings killed nearly 3,000 people."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/artist-s-book/": {"t": "Artist's book", "s": "Artists' books use the book form as a medium of art."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/suffolk/": {"t": "Suffolk", "s": "A county of ancient coasts, royal ship burials, and enduring rural character."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-of-england/e/regions-of-england/essex/": {"t": "Essex", "s": "Ceremonial county in South East England with ancient woodland and long coastline."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-conditions/e/medical-conditions/intellectual-disability/": {"t": "Intellectual disability", "s": "A generalized neurodevelopmental disorder with significant impairment in intellectual and adaptive functioning."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/claude-lorrain/": {"t": "Claude Lorrain", "s": "Baroque landscape painter who introduced sunlight into art", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/claude-lorrain.webp", "c": "Claude Lorrain · via Wikipedia: Claude Lorrain · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/middlesex/": {"t": "Middlesex", "s": "Historic county of England, largely now part of Greater London."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/thomas-gainsborough/": {"t": "Thomas Gainsborough", "s": "English portrait and landscape painter, founding member of the Royal Academy", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/thomas-gainsborough.webp", "c": "Thomas Gainsborough · via Wikipedia: Thomas Gainsborough · Public domain"}, "/e/visual-artists/peter-paul-rubens/": {"t": "Peter Paul Rubens", "s": "Flemish Baroque painter who created the first large-scale Baroque altarpiece in Flanders.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/peter-paul-rubens.webp", "c": "Peter Paul Rubens · via Wikipedia: Peter Paul Rubens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/culture/london/": {"t": "London", "s": "A global city on the Thames, London blends nearly 2,000 years of history with a vibrant, multicultural present."}, "https://codexery.com/infectious-diseases/e/infectious-diseases/tuberculosis/": {"t": "Tuberculosis", "s": "A contagious bacterial disease, historically called consumption, that remains a global killer."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-revival-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic Revival architecture", "s": "A movement reviving medieval Gothic architecture in the 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/dada/": {"t": "Dada", "s": "International art movement rejecting prevailing ideas of art and society."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/clothes-iron/": {"t": "Clothes iron", "s": "A heated appliance for pressing clothes to remove wrinkles."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/e/construction-and-engineering/technical-drawing/": {"t": "Technical drawing", "s": "Technical drawing communicates function and construction through precise visual language.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-and-engineering/img/construction-and-engineering/technical-drawing.webp", "c": "Veterans Administration · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/emma-goldman/": {"t": "Emma Goldman", "s": "Anarchist revolutionary, writer, and lecturer on social issues."}, "/e/visual-artists/marcel-duchamp/": {"t": "Marcel Duchamp", "s": "French artist who created readymades as an antidote to retinal art."}, "https://codexery.com/painting-visual-arts/e/painting-and-visual-arts/kinetic-art/": {"t": "Kinetic art", "s": "Art that incorporates real or apparent movement."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/tristan-tzara/": {"t": "Tristan Tzara", "s": "Romanian-French avant-garde poet and Dada co-founder."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/color-field/": {"t": "Color field", "s": "Color field painting: large fields of flat, solid color where color becomes the subject itself."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/abstract-expressionism/": {"t": "Abstract expressionism", "s": "The first specifically American movement to achieve international influence, putting New York City at the center of the Western art world."}, "https://codexery.com/dynasties-and-kingdoms/e/dynasties-and-kingdoms/russian-empire/": {"t": "Russian Empire", "s": "Third-largest empire in history, spanning northern Eurasia."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-of-the-world/e/languages-of-the-world/yiddish/": {"t": "Yiddish", "s": "A West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews, with roots in the Holy Roman Empire and a fusion of High German, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Slavic ele"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/orthodox-judaism/": {"t": "Orthodox Judaism", "s": "The traditionalist branches of Judaism, holding the Written and Oral Torah as divinely revealed at Sinai.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/orthodox-judaism.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Orthodox Judaism · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/russian-revolution/": {"t": "Russian Revolution", "s": "A period of revolution and civil war that ended monarchy and established socialist rule."}, "/e/visual-artists/paul-klee/": {"t": "Paul Klee", "s": "Swiss-born German artist known for his individual style and color theory"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aeschylus/": {"t": "Aeschylus", "s": "Father of tragedy, soldier of Marathon"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-greek-theatre/e/ancient-greek-theatre/the-birth-of-tragedy/": {"t": "The Birth of Tragedy", "s": "Nietzsche's 1872 work on tragedy, Dionysian and Apollonian forces."}, "https://codexery.com/social-identity-prejudice/e/social-identity-and-prejudice/antisemitism/": {"t": "Antisemitism", "s": "Hostility or prejudice against Jews."}, "https://codexery.com/nonfiction-and-reference/e/part-1/the-interpretation-of-dreams/": {"t": "The Interpretation of Dreams", "s": "Freud's foundational work on dream interpretation and the unconscious."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/wassily-kandinsky/": {"t": "Wassily Kandinsky", "s": "Pioneer of abstraction and art theorist", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/wassily-kandinsky.webp", "c": "Vassily Kandinsky by Adolf Elnain\n\nPhoto credits : Georges Meguerditchian - Centre Pompidou, MNAM-CCI /Dist. RMN-GP Image reference : 4N55985 · via Wikipedia: Wassily Kandinsky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/bauhaus/": {"t": "Bauhaus", "s": "German art school that merged crafts with fine arts."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/humanism/": {"t": "Humanism", "s": "A philosophy centered on human agency, reason, and well-being."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/voltaire/": {"t": "Voltaire", "s": "French Enlightenment writer and advocate of civil liberties"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/der-blaue-reiter/": {"t": "Der Blaue Reiter", "s": "A loose network of artists pioneering modern German Expressionism.", "i": "https://codexery.com/art-movements/img/art-movements/der-blaue-reiter.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Der Blaue Reiter · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/abstract-art/": {"t": "Abstract art", "s": "Art independent of visual references in the world."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/modernist-and-contemporary-pioneers/robert-delaunay/": {"t": "Robert Delaunay", "s": "Co-founder of Orphism, pioneer of color and geometric abstraction."}, "https://codexery.com/socio-political-concepts/e/socio-political-concepts/conscription/": {"t": "Conscription", "s": "Compulsory enlistment in national service, enforced by law."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/pointillism/": {"t": "Pointillism", "s": "A painting technique using small dots of color."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/spirituality/": {"t": "Spirituality", "s": "A term evolving from religious re-formation to subjective sacred experience."}, "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/e/optics-and-color/primary-color/": {"t": "Primary color", "s": "Primary colors are the basis for mixing a gamut of colors.", "i": "https://codexery.com/optics-and-color/img/optics-and-color/primary-color.webp", "c": "Fons Heijnsbroek · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/amsterdam/": {"t": "Amsterdam", "s": "Venice of the North"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/realism-arts/": {"t": "Realism (arts)", "s": "Truthful representation in art, from the mundane to the sublime."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/post-impressionism/": {"t": "Post-Impressionism", "s": "A French art movement reacting against Impressionism, emphasizing abstract qualities and symbolic content."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/rudolf-steiner/": {"t": "Rudolf Steiner", "s": "Austrian founder of anthroposophy and spiritual science."}, "/e/visual-artists/man-ray/": {"t": "Man Ray", "s": "American-born, French-naturalized artist known for Dada, Surrealism, and rayographs."}, "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/e/history/liverpool/": {"t": "Liverpool", "s": "A port city with a rich maritime history, cultural diversity, and a legacy of music and football.", "i": "https://codexery.com/uefa-champions-league/img/history/liverpool.webp", "c": "Ian S · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/music-genres-styles/e/music-genres-and-styles/baroque/": {"t": "Baroque", "s": "A Western artistic style flourishing from the early 1600s to 1750s."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/art-of-europe/": {"t": "Art of Europe", "s": "European art spans prehistoric cave paintings to postmodern movements."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church/": {"t": "Catholic Church", "s": "The largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.41 billion baptized members.", "i": "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/img/branches-of-christianity/catholic-church.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Christianity by country · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/leiden-university/": {"t": "Leiden University", "s": "Oldest surviving university in the Netherlands, founded 1575."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/eucharist/": {"t": "Eucharist", "s": "Christian rite of bread and wine instituted by Jesus at the Last Supper.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/img/religious-practices-and-symbols/eucharist.webp", "c": "Didier Descouens · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/andrea-mantegna/": {"t": "Andrea Mantegna", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter known for perspective and sculptural style."}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-artists/e/renaissance-artists/giorgione/": {"t": "Giorgione", "s": "Venetian painter known for poetic, mysterious works."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/globe/": {"t": "Globe", "s": "Spherical model of Earth or the heavens without distortion."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/porcelain/": {"t": "Porcelain", "s": "A ceramic material known for its strength, whiteness, and translucency, fired at high temperatures."}, "https://codexery.com/birds/e/birds/bird-of-paradise/": {"t": "Bird-of-paradise", "s": "A family of passerine birds known for elaborate male plumage."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/caravaggio/": {"t": "Caravaggio", "s": "Italian painter whose tenebrism shaped Baroque art."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/myth/": {"t": "Myth", "s": "A sacred narrative central to a society's values and worldview."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/judaism/": {"t": "Judaism", "s": "An Abrahamic, monotheistic ethnic religion of the Jewish people."}, "/e/visual-artists/giorgio-vasari/": {"t": "Giorgio Vasari", "s": "Italian Renaissance painter, architect, and biographer who wrote Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/giorgio-vasari.webp", "c": "Giorgio Vasari · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/medieval-europe/e/medieval-europe/late-middle-ages/": {"t": "Late Middle Ages", "s": "Crisis and transformation in 14th–15th century Europe."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/byzantine-art/": {"t": "Byzantine art", "s": "Art of the Byzantine Empire and its cultural inheritors."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/padua/": {"t": "Padua", "s": "Ancient city, home to a 1222 university and the world's oldest botanical garden."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/e/world-heritage-sites-in-italy/assisi/": {"t": "Assisi", "s": "Birthplace of St. Francis and St. Clare of Assisi."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/zeuxis-painter/": {"t": "Zeuxis (painter)", "s": "Late 5th-century BCE Greek painter famed for realistic illusion."}, "https://codexery.com/beliefs-and-practices/e/beliefs-and-practices/salvation/": {"t": "Salvation", "s": "State of being saved from harm or sin."}, "https://codexery.com/christian-mythology/e/christian-mythology/star-of-bethlehem/": {"t": "Star of Bethlehem", "s": "Star guiding Magi to Jesus, debated as miracle or astronomical event."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/halley-s-comet/": {"t": "Halley's Comet", "s": "First comet recognized as periodic, observed for over two millennia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/halley-s-comet.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Halley's Comet · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/giotto-spacecraft/": {"t": "Giotto (spacecraft)", "s": "First spacecraft to make close-up observations of a comet."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-france/e/world-heritage-sites-in-france/avignon/": {"t": "Avignon", "s": "City of the Popes on the Rhône."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/masaccio/": {"t": "Masaccio", "s": "Florentine painter who pioneered the Early Renaissance with naturalism and perspective."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/paul-gauguin/": {"t": "Paul Gauguin", "s": "French Post-Impressionist known for vivid color and Synthetist style.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/paul-gauguin.webp", "c": "Louis-Maurice Boutet de Monvel · via Wikipedia: Paul Gauguin · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/georges-seurat/": {"t": "Georges Seurat", "s": "French post-Impressionist painter and pioneer of pointillism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/georges-seurat.webp", "c": "Unidentified photographer · via Wikipedia: Georges Seurat · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/family-and-kinship/e/family-and-kinship/cousin/": {"t": "Cousin", "s": "Understanding cousin relationships: degrees, removals, and genetic ties.", "i": "https://codexery.com/family-and-kinship/img/family-and-kinship/cousin.webp", "c": "Augusta 89 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/congenital-disorders/e/congenital-disorders/birth-defect/": {"t": "Birth defect", "s": "Birth defects are present at birth and vary widely.", "i": "https://codexery.com/congenital-disorders/img/congenital-disorders/birth-defect.webp", "c": "Judgefloro · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-fundamentals/e/genetics-fundamentals/inbreeding/": {"t": "Inbreeding", "s": "Inbreeding increases homozygosity and risk of recessive genetic disorders."}, "https://codexery.com/congenital-disorders/e/congenital-disorders/achondroplasia/": {"t": "Achondroplasia", "s": "Genetic disorder causing disproportionate dwarfism due to FGFR3 mutation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/congenital-disorders/img/congenital-disorders/achondroplasia.webp", "c": "Sydney S. Gellis and Murray Feingold · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/dancers-and-choreographers/e/dancers-and-choreographers/la-goulue/": {"t": "La Goulue", "s": "French can-can dancer and star of the Moulin Rouge.", "i": "https://codexery.com/dancers-and-choreographers/img/dancers-and-choreographers/la-goulue.webp", "c": "Valerie McGlinchey · CC BY-SA 2.0 uk"}, "https://codexery.com/authors-poets/e/authors-and-poets/oscar-wilde/": {"t": "Oscar Wilde", "s": "Irish author, poet and playwright; key figure in Aestheticism; known for The Picture of Dorian Gray and his society comedies."}, "https://codexery.com/beverages-drink-culture/e/beverages-and-drink-culture/absinthe/": {"t": "Absinthe", "s": "The Green Fairy: a storied spirit of art, controversy, and revival."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-forms-tropes/e/literary-forms-and-tropes/cookbook/": {"t": "Cookbook", "s": "A collection of recipes and cooking instructions."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-france/e/world-heritage-sites-in-france/albi/": {"t": "Albi", "s": "Commune in southern France, prefecture of Tarn, UNESCO World Heritage site."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/edgar-degas/": {"t": "Edgar Degas", "s": "French Impressionist artist famous for his pastel drawings and oil paintings, especially of dancers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/edgar-degas.webp", "c": "Edgar Degas · via Wikipedia: Edgar Degas · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/iconic-paintings/e/iconic-paintings/a-bar-at-the-folies-berg-re/": {"t": "A Bar at the Folies-Bergère", "s": "Manet's last major work, a complex mirror scene."}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/visual-arts-and-artworks/ukiyo-e/": {"t": "Ukiyo-e", "s": "Japanese woodblock prints of the floating world."}, "/e/visual-artists/henri-matisse/": {"t": "Henri Matisse", "s": "French visual artist known for colour and draughtsmanship, a leading Fauve and modern art figure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/visual-artists/img/visual-artists/henri-matisse.webp", "c": "Francesco Bini · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/famous-paintings/e/famous-paintings/tiger-in-a-tropical-storm/": {"t": "Tiger in a Tropical Storm", "s": "Rousseau's first jungle painting, featuring a tiger in a storm, debuted in 1891."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/juan-gris/": {"t": "Juan Gris", "s": "Spanish Cubist painter known for bright colors and geometric clarity.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/juan-gris.webp", "c": "Man Ray · via Wikipedia: Juan Gris · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-contemporary-pioneers/e/modernist-and-contemporary-pioneers/sonia-delaunay/": {"t": "Sonia Delaunay", "s": "Pioneer of Orphism and modern design, known for bold colours and geometric abstraction."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements-styles/e/art-movements-and-styles/academic-art/": {"t": "Academic art", "s": "The idealistic style shaped by European academies, blending classical tradition with state power."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/max-beckmann/": {"t": "Max Beckmann", "s": "German painter who defied categorization and confronted the horrors of the 20th century.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/max-beckmann.webp", "c": "Hans Möller · via Wikipedia: Max Beckmann · PD-US"}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/the-new-york-times/": {"t": "The New York Times", "s": "The Gray Lady, a U.S."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/e/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/wallace-stevens/": {"t": "Wallace Stevens", "s": "American modernist poet and insurance executive.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-poets/img/modernist-and-20th-century-poets/wallace-stevens.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Wallace Stevens · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/sylvia-plath/": {"t": "Sylvia Plath", "s": "American confessional poet and novelist"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/joni-mitchell/": {"t": "Joni Mitchell", "s": "Canadian musician whose 1979 album Mingus is a jazz-centric collaboration with Charles Mingus.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/joni-mitchell.webp", "c": "Library of Congress Life · via Wikipedia: Joni Mitchell · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/internet-culture-and-platforms/e/internet-culture-and-platforms/facebook/": {"t": "Facebook", "s": "American social networking service owned by Meta Platforms."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/e/architectural-landmarks/tate-modern/": {"t": "Tate Modern", "s": "The UK's national collection of international modern and contemporary art, housed in a converted power station on the banks of the Thames.", "i": "https://codexery.com/architectural-landmarks/img/architectural-landmarks/tate-modern.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: International Style · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/innovators-in-industry/e/innovators-in-industry/pavel-tretyakov/": {"t": "Pavel Tretyakov", "s": "Russian businessman and art collector who founded the Tretyakov Gallery."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosi/e/classical-virtuosi/mikhail-glinka/": {"t": "Mikhail Glinka", "s": "The fountainhead of Russian classical music"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/modest-mussorgsky/": {"t": "Modest Mussorgsky", "s": "Russian composer of The Five, innovator of national music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/modest-mussorgsky.webp", "c": "Self-scanned · via Wikipedia: Modest Mussorgsky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/leo-tolstoy/": {"t": "Leo Tolstoy", "s": "Russian writer and influential Christian anarchist and pacifist."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers/e/rivers/volga/": {"t": "Volga", "s": "Europe's longest river, flowing through Russia into the Caspian Sea."}, "https://codexery.com/european-religious-and-political-conflic/e/european-religious-and-political-conflicts/hungarian-revolution-of-1848/": {"t": "Hungarian Revolution of 1848", "s": "A pivotal 1848–49 war for Hungarian independence from Habsburg rule."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-cities/e/russian-cities/voronezh/": {"t": "Voronezh", "s": "Russian city founded as a fort, later a key shipbuilding center."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/berthe-morisot/": {"t": "Berthe Morisot", "s": "French Impressionist painter and printmaker", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/berthe-morisot.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Berthe Morisot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/e/opera-composers/alexander-glazunov/": {"t": "Alexander Glazunov", "s": "Russian composer who led the Saint Petersburg Conservatory through revolution.", "i": "https://codexery.com/opera-composers/img/opera-composers/alexander-glazunov.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Alexander Glazunov · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/e/painters-and-visual-artists/valentin-serov/": {"t": "Valentin Serov", "s": "Russian painter widely regarded as the leading portraitist of his generation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/painters-visual-artists/img/painters-and-visual-artists/valentin-serov.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Valentin Serov · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/alexander-pushkin/": {"t": "Alexander Pushkin", "s": "The greatest Russian poet and founder of modern Russian literature."}, "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/e/russian-and-soviet-writers/aleksey-pisemsky/": {"t": "Aleksey Pisemsky", "s": "Russian novelist and dramatist of realistic ordinary life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/russian-and-soviet-writers/img/russian-and-soviet-writers/aleksey-pisemsky.webp", "c": "Sergey Lvovich Levitsky · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/composers/e/great-composers/igor-stravinsky/": {"t": "Igor Stravinsky", "s": "Russian composer whose ballets for Diaghilev reshaped twentieth-century classical music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers/img/great-composers/igor-stravinsky.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: List of compositions by Igor Stravinsky · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/e/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral/": {"t": "St. Paul's Cathedral", "s": "Wren's domed English Baroque cathedral on Ludgate Hill, seat of the Bishop of London.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cathedrals/img/great-cathedrals/st-paul-s-cathedral.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: St Paul's Cathedral · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/classicism/": {"t": "Classicism", "s": "An aesthetic attitude valuing form, proportion, and restraint from classical antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-of-europe/e/rivers-of-europe/river-thames/": {"t": "River Thames", "s": "Longest river entirely in England, flowing through London."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/kent/": {"t": "Kent", "s": "The Garden of England"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/berkshire/": {"t": "Berkshire", "s": "The Royal County of Berkshire"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/oxfordshire/": {"t": "Oxfordshire", "s": "A ceremonial county in South East England, home to the University of Oxford and the Cotswolds."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/joshua-reynolds/": {"t": "Joshua Reynolds", "s": "The leading portrait artist of the 18th-century and arguably one of the greatest artists in the history of art.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/joshua-reynolds.webp", "c": "Joshua Reynolds · via Wikipedia: Joshua Reynolds · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/christian-church-bodies/e/christian-church-bodies/abbey/": {"t": "Abbey", "s": "A self-sufficient religious community under an abbot or abbess."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/orientalism/": {"t": "Orientalism", "s": "Western depictions of the Eastern world in art, literature, and culture."}, "/e/visual-artists/phidias/": {"t": "Phidias", "s": "Ancient Greek sculptor of the Statue of Zeus at Olympia."}, "https://codexery.com/agamemnon/e/agamemnon/the-ambassadors-of-agamemnon-in-the-tent-of-achilles/": {"t": "The Ambassadors of Agamemnon in the tent of Achilles", "s": "Ingres' 1801 Prix de Rome painting of Achilles refusing Agamemnon's envoys.", "i": "https://codexery.com/agamemnon/img/agamemnon/the-ambassadors-of-agamemnon-in-the-tent-of-achilles.webp", "c": "Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-on-rivers/e/cities-on-rivers/toulouse/": {"t": "Toulouse", "s": "The Pink City"}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-duos/e/mythological-duos/achilles-and-patroclus/": {"t": "Achilles and Patroclus", "s": "The deep bond between Achilles and Patroclus, central to the Trojan War, has been debated for millennia."}, "https://codexery.com/lost-civilizations/e/lost-civilizations/the-etruscans/": {"t": "The Etruscans", "s": "Ancient Italian civilization of city-states with a distinct language and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jan-van-eyck/": {"t": "Jan van Eyck", "s": "Early Netherlandish painter and innovator of oil painting techniques.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jan-van-eyck.webp", "c": "Jan van Eyck · via Wikipedia: Jan van Eyck · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/low-countries/": {"t": "Low Countries", "s": "Historical coastal lowland region forming the Benelux countries.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/low-countries.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Low Countries · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cities-of-the-world/e/cities-of-the-world/antwerp/": {"t": "Antwerp", "s": "Major port, diamond hub, and historic global city in Belgium."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/brussels/": {"t": "Brussels", "s": "The capital of Belgium and de facto capital of the European Union."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/venice/": {"t": "Venice", "s": "The Floating City of Canals and History"}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/corfu/": {"t": "Corfu", "s": "Northernmost Ionian island, ancient naval power, Venetian fortress."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/montana/": {"t": "Montana", "s": "Landlocked state in the Mountain West, known as Big Sky Country."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/maine/": {"t": "Maine", "s": "Northeasternmost state in the contiguous United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/img/u-s-states/maine.webp", "c": "TylerKutschbach · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/tintoretto/": {"t": "Tintoretto", "s": "Venetian Renaissance painter known for speed, boldness, and dramatic Mannerist style."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/diego-vel-zquez/": {"t": "Diego Velázquez", "s": "Spanish Baroque painter of the court of Philip IV.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/diego-vel-zquez.webp", "c": "Diego Velázquez · via Wikipedia: Diego Velázquez · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/henry-james/": {"t": "Henry James", "s": "American-British author, key transitional figure between literary realism and modernism"}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/gabriel-faur/": {"t": "Gabriel Fauré", "s": "French composer linking Romanticism with early 20th-century modernism."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/washington-d-c/": {"t": "Washington, D.C.", "s": "The federal capital city of the United States, anchored on the Potomac River."}, "https://codexery.com/stage-legends/e/stage-legends/ellen-terry/": {"t": "Ellen Terry", "s": "English actress, leading Shakespearean performer of the late 19th century."}, "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/e/literary-giants/robert-louis-stevenson/": {"t": "Robert Louis Stevenson", "s": "Scottish novelist, poet, and travel writer, author of Treasure Island and Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde.", "i": "https://codexery.com/literary-giants/img/literary-giants/robert-louis-stevenson.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Moral Emblems · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/business-magnates-tycoons/e/business-magnates-and-tycoons/cornelius-vanderbilt/": {"t": "Cornelius Vanderbilt", "s": "American business magnate in railroads and shipping."}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/sculpture/fountain-duchamp/": {"t": "Fountain (Duchamp)", "s": "A porcelain urinal that redefined art through choice."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/conceptual-art/": {"t": "Conceptual art", "s": "Art where the idea or concept is the most important aspect."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andy-warhol/": {"t": "Andy Warhol", "s": "The most important artist of the second half of the 20th century"}, "https://codexery.com/photographers/e/photographers/richard-prince/": {"t": "Richard Prince", "s": "American artist known for rephotographing advertisements to critique pop culture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/photographers/img/photographers/richard-prince.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Richard Prince · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/visual-arts-and-artworks/e/visual-arts-and-artworks/typography/": {"t": "Typography", "s": "The art and technique of arranging type for legibility, readability, and beauty."}, "https://codexery.com/art-movements/e/art-movements/futurism/": {"t": "Futurism", "s": "Speed, technology, and the triumph of modernity."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/max-stirner/": {"t": "Max Stirner", "s": "German philosopher and forerunner of individualist anarchism and egoism."}, "https://codexery.com/old-masters/e/old-masters/lucas-cranach-the-elder/": {"t": "Lucas Cranach the Elder", "s": "German Renaissance painter and printmaker, court painter to Saxon electors."}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/sculpture/bird-in-space/": {"t": "Bird in Space", "s": "Abstract sculpture series focused on movement, not physical bird attributes."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/henri-poincar/": {"t": "Henri Poincaré", "s": "French polymath and last universalist mathematician.", "i": "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/img/mathematicians/henri-poincar.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Henri Poincaré · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-i-of-england/": {"t": "Charles I of England", "s": "King of England, Scotland, and Ireland executed after civil war."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-eras/e/historical-eras/reformation/": {"t": "Reformation", "s": "A 16th-century movement that challenged Catholic authority and birthed Protestantism."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-practices-and-symbols/e/religious-practices-and-symbols/iconoclasm/": {"t": "Iconoclasm", "s": "The belief in the importance of destroying icons and images, often for religious or political reasons."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity/": {"t": "Reformed Christianity", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism emphasizing the sovereignty of God and covenant theology.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity.webp", "c": "Toby Hudson based on data from the Australian Bureau of Statistics · CC BY-SA 3.0 au"}, "https://codexery.com/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-m/e/european-military-leaders-of-the-early-modern-era/fernando-lvarez-de-toledo-3rd-duke-of-alba/": {"t": "Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba", "s": "Spanish military officer, statesman and diplomat, often considered the most effective general of his generation."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/hans-holbein-the-younger/": {"t": "Hans Holbein the Younger", "s": "German painter and printmaker, King's Painter to Henry VIII", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/hans-holbein-the-younger.webp", "c": "Hans Holbein the Younger · via Wikipedia: Hans Holbein the Younger · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/e/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/paolo-veronese/": {"t": "Paolo Veronese", "s": "Venetian Renaissance painter of vast banquet scenes, ceilings and glowing colour.", "i": "https://codexery.com/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/img/renaissance-and-baroque-masters/paolo-veronese.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Paolo Veronese · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/athena/": {"t": "Athena", "s": "Goddess of wisdom, warfare, and handicraft; patron of Athens."}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/sculpture/athena-parthenos/": {"t": "Athena Parthenos", "s": "The lost chryselephantine masterpiece of Phidias, once housed in the Parthenon."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/parthenon/": {"t": "Parthenon", "s": "Former temple on the Athenian Acropolis dedicated to Athena."}, "https://codexery.com/sculpture/e/sculpture/athena-promachos/": {"t": "Athena Promachos", "s": "Colossal bronze Athena by Phidias, once a landmark on the Acropolis."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/pericles/": {"t": "Pericles", "s": "First citizen of Athens during its Golden Age"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/aristophanes/": {"t": "Aristophanes", "s": "Ancient Greek comic playwright of Old Comedy."}, "https://codexery.com/military-history-battles/e/military-history-and-battles/battle-of-marathon/": {"t": "Battle of Marathon", "s": "Greek victory over Persia at Marathon ended the first invasion."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-medieval-military-leaders/e/ancient-and-medieval-military-leaders/miltiades/": {"t": "Miltiades", "s": "Athenian general who defeated Persians at Marathon."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/apollo/": {"t": "Apollo", "s": "God of light, healing, prophecy, music, poetry, and archery; twin brother of Artemis."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/e/miscellaneous-philosophy-and-religion/goddess/": {"t": "Goddess", "s": "Female deity venerated across many cultures and faiths."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/aphrodite/": {"t": "Aphrodite", "s": "Ancient Greek goddess of love, beauty, and desire."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/greco-persian-wars/": {"t": "Greco-Persian Wars", "s": "A series of conflicts between Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire."}, "https://codexery.com/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/e/territories-of-the-republic-of-venice/lemnos/": {"t": "Lemnos", "s": "Greek island in the northern Aegean, sacred to Hephaestus."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-greece/e/world-heritage-sites-in-greece/olympia-greece/": {"t": "Olympia, Greece", "s": "Ancient sanctuary and birthplace of the Olympic Games."}, "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/e/writing-systems/greek-alphabet/": {"t": "Greek alphabet", "s": "Earliest alphabet to systematically write vowels and consonants.", "i": "https://codexery.com/writing-systems/img/writing-systems/greek-alphabet.webp", "c": "Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-asteroids/e/notable-asteroids/asteroid-belt/": {"t": "Asteroid belt", "s": "A torus-shaped region between Mars and Jupiter containing many asteroids."}, "https://codexery.com/dancers-and-choreographers/e/dancers-and-choreographers/merce-cunningham/": {"t": "Merce Cunningham", "s": "American modern dance pioneer who collaborated across disciplines and used chance operations."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-and-songwriters/e/composers-and-songwriters/arnold-schoenberg/": {"t": "Arnold Schoenberg", "s": "Austrian-American composer."}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eastern-world/": {"t": "Eastern world", "s": "Umbrella term for diverse Eastern cultures and civilizations."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-movements-and-schools/e/philosophical-movements-and-schools/indian-philosophy/": {"t": "Indian philosophy", "s": "Indian philosophy comprises the philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent, often called darśana (meaning 'to see' or 'looking at') and also referred t"}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/aleatoric-music/": {"t": "Aleatoric music", "s": "Music where chance determines some element of composition or performance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/img/music-theory-and-composition/aleatoric-music.webp", "c": "Knight Foundation · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/e/ancient-and-classical-texts/i-ching/": {"t": "I Ching", "s": "Ancient Chinese divination text and classic of changes.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-classical-texts/img/ancient-and-classical-texts/i-ching.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: I Ching · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/george-washington/": {"t": "George Washington", "s": "First president of the United States and commander of the Continental Army during the American Revolution."}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/gothic-architecture/": {"t": "Gothic architecture", "s": "Medieval architectural style defined by the pointed arch and verticality."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-virtuosi/e/classical-virtuosi/paul-hindemith/": {"t": "Paul Hindemith", "s": "Paul Hindemith was a German and American composer, music theorist, teacher, violist, and conductor."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/karlheinz-stockhausen/": {"t": "Karlheinz Stockhausen", "s": "German composer and pioneer of electronic music (1928–2007)"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/henry-david-thoreau/": {"t": "Henry David Thoreau", "s": "American naturalist, essayist, poet, and philosopher"}, "https://codexery.com/performing-arts-crafts/e/performing-arts-and-crafts/lithography/": {"t": "Lithography", "s": "Lithography is a printing technique that relies on the natural repulsion between oil and water."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/polymers-and-macromolecules/poly-methyl-methacrylate/": {"t": "Poly(methyl methacrylate)", "s": "A transparent thermoplastic used as a shatter-resistant glass alternative."}, "https://codexery.com/music-theory-and-composition/e/music-theory-and-composition/serialism/": {"t": "Serialism", "s": "A method of composition using ordered series of musical elements."}, "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/e/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/iannis-xenakis/": {"t": "Iannis Xenakis", "s": "Avant-garde composer who fused mathematics, architecture, and music.", "i": "https://codexery.com/modernist-20th-century-composers/img/modernist-and-20th-century-composers/iannis-xenakis.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Iannis Xenakis · see source"}}