{"https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/e/philosophical-concepts-and-theories/idea/": {"t": "Idea", "s": "A fundamental concept in philosophy, debated since antiquity."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computing/": {"t": "Computing", "s": "Goal-oriented activity involving computing machinery and algorithmic processes."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/natural-science/": {"t": "Natural science", "s": "Empirical study of natural phenomena through observation and experimentation."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/mechanical-engineering/": {"t": "Mechanical engineering", "s": "Engineering branch focused on force, motion, and mechanical systems."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/civil-engineering/": {"t": "Civil engineering", "s": "Professional discipline designing and maintaining the built environment."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/structural-engineering/": {"t": "Structural engineering", "s": "Designing the skeleton of the built environment."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/chemical-engineering/": {"t": "Chemical engineering", "s": "Engineering field focused on converting raw materials into useful products."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies/": {"t": "Dutch East Indies", "s": "Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia after war and negotiation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-indies.webp", "c": "Roger Veringmeier · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/chemists-and-biochemists/jacobus-henricus-van-t-hoff/": {"t": "Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff", "s": "Dutch physical chemist, first Nobel laureate in chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/e/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company/": {"t": "Dutch East India Company", "s": "Chartered trading company and pioneer of joint-stock finance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/exploration-colonization/img/exploration-and-colonization/dutch-east-india-company.webp", "c": "Wikimedia Commons · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/secondary-education/": {"t": "Secondary education", "s": "Formal education between primary and higher education, typically ages 12–18."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-myths/e/greek-myths/prometheus/": {"t": "Prometheus", "s": "Titan who stole fire and gave civilization to humanity."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/methodism/": {"t": "Methodism", "s": "A Protestant tradition emphasizing sanctification and methodical Christian living."}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/quakers/": {"t": "Quakers", "s": "A historically Protestant Christian movement emphasizing direct experience of God and peace.", "i": "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/img/religious-traditions/quakers.webp", "c": "Kenneth C. Zirkel · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-power/": {"t": "Electric power", "s": "Electric power is the rate of electrical energy transfer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electric-power.webp", "c": "Alan O'Dowd · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/tycoons-and-industrialists/e/tycoons-and-industrialists/james-buchanan-duke/": {"t": "James Buchanan Duke", "s": "American tobacco and electric power industrialist, founder of American Tobacco Company.", "i": "https://codexery.com/tycoons-and-industrialists/img/tycoons-and-industrialists/james-buchanan-duke.webp", "c": "The Chronicle · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/e/architectural-styles-and-landmarks/georgian-architecture/": {"t": "Georgian architecture", "s": "Georgian architecture refers to the building styles common across most English-speaking countries from 1714 to 1830."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/singapore/": {"t": "Singapore", "s": "The Lion City, a global hub of trade and finance."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/north-carolina/": {"t": "North Carolina", "s": "Southern state known for first flight and early independence call."}, "/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-and-theologians/e/philosophers-and-theologians/martin-luther-king-jr/": {"t": "Martin Luther King Jr.", "s": "Civil rights leader who championed nonviolent resistance against racial discrimination."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/leaders/robert-e-lee/": {"t": "Robert E. Lee", "s": "Confederate general who led the Army of Northern Virginia."}, "https://codexery.com/nielsen-ratings-winners/e/nielsen-ratings-winners/60-minutes/": {"t": "60 Minutes", "s": "American news magazine debuting in 1968 on CBS."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/johns-hopkins-university/": {"t": "Johns Hopkins University", "s": "First U.S. research university, founded by a Quaker philanthropist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/johns-hopkins-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/traumatology/e/traumatology/trauma-center/": {"t": "Trauma center", "s": "Specialized hospital care for major traumatic injuries."}, "https://codexery.com/primates/e/primates/strepsirrhini/": {"t": "Strepsirrhini", "s": "A suborder of primates including lemurs, lorises, and extinct adapiforms."}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest 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{"t": "Multilingualism", "s": "Multilingualism is the use of more than one language by individuals or groups."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/e/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/didier-queloz/": {"t": "Didier Queloz", "s": "Swiss astronomer who co-discovered the first exoplanet around a Sun-like star.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/img/astronomers-and-astrophysicists/didier-queloz.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Didier Queloz · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/sports-and-athletics/e/sports-and-athletics/rowing-sport/": {"t": "Rowing (sport)", "s": "Sport of racing boats using oars attached to rowlocks."}, "https://codexery.com/mathematicians/e/mathematicians/john-von-neumann/": {"t": "John von Neumann", "s": "Mathematician who shaped quantum physics, computing, and nuclear strategy."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/haber-process/": {"t": "Haber process", "s": "The main industrial procedure for ammonia production, converting atmospheric nitrogen and hydrogen using an iron catalyst.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/chemistry/haber-process.webp", "c": "Johannes Schneider · CC BY-SA 3.0 de"}, "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/e/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/niklaus-wirth/": {"t": "Niklaus Wirth", "s": "Swiss computer scientist who designed several programming languages, including Pascal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-th/img/pioneers-of-computing-and-information-theory/niklaus-wirth.webp", "c": "Tyomitch · via Wikipedia: Niklaus Wirth · Copyrighted free use"}, "https://codexery.com/brazilian-states/e/brazilian-states/rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Rio de Janeiro", "s": "Brazilian city that was capital of a European colonial power."}, "https://codexery.com/textiles-in-folklore/e/textiles-in-folklore/minerva/": {"t": "Minerva", "s": "Roman goddess of wisdom, war, crafts, and the Capitoline Triad."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/postgraduate-education/": {"t": "Postgraduate education", "s": "Postgraduate education comprises advanced degrees beyond the bachelor's level."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/oscar-niemeyer/": {"t": "Oscar Niemeyer", "s": "Brazilian architect known for curves and Brasília's civic buildings.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/oscar-niemeyer.webp", "c": "Unknown (Mondadori Publishers) · via Wikipedia: Oscar Niemeyer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/medical-pioneers/e/medical-pioneers/carlos-chagas/": {"t": "Carlos Chagas", "s": "Brazilian physician who discovered Chagas disease and Pneumocystis fungi."}, "https://codexery.com/south-american-cities/e/south-american-cities/duque-de-caxias-rio-de-janeiro/": {"t": "Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro", "s": "A city on Guanabara Bay, third most populous in Rio de Janeiro Metropolitan Area, with a history rooted in sugarcane, gold, and coffee transit."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/capitals/berlin/": {"t": "Berlin", "s": "The heart of Europe, a city of culture and history."}, "/e/universities-and-colleges/humboldt-university-of-berlin/": {"t": "Humboldt University of Berlin", "s": "Public research university pioneering the Humboldtian model of higher education."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/explorers/henry-ford/": {"t": "Henry Ford", "s": "Pioneer of affordable automobiles and Fordism", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/explorers/henry-ford.webp", "c": "Ford Motor Company. Photographic Department · via Wikipedia: Henry Ford · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/konrad-adenauer/": {"t": "Konrad Adenauer", "s": "First Chancellor of West Germany and CDU leader from 1946 to 1966."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/vietnam-war/": {"t": "Vietnam War", "s": "Cold War proxy war ending in communist victory across Indochina."}, "https://codexery.com/modern-political-activists-and-theorists/e/modern-political-activists-and-theorists/rudi-dutschke/": {"t": "Rudi Dutschke", "s": "German sociologist and activist; leading figure in 1960s student movement."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/otto-hahn/": {"t": "Otto Hahn", "s": "German chemist, pioneer of radiochemistry and discoverer of nuclear fission."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/norman-foster/": {"t": "Norman Foster", "s": "English architect and urbanist, pioneer of high-tech architecture.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/norman-foster.webp", "c": "bigbug21 · via Wikipedia: Norman Foster · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/german-states/e/german-states/brandenburg/": {"t": "Brandenburg", "s": "Landlocked German state surrounding Berlin, core of historic Prussia."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-forms-and-genres/e/musical-forms-and-genres/orchestra/": {"t": "Orchestra", "s": "Large instrumental ensemble central to classical and romantic music."}, "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/e/musical-genres-and-styles/big-band/": {"t": "Big band", "s": "Large jazz ensemble with written arrangements and four instrumental sections.", "i": "https://codexery.com/musical-genres-and-styles/img/musical-genres-and-styles/big-band.webp", "c": "Stuart Wood · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/science-and-technology/meteorology/": {"t": "Meteorology", "s": "Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/erasmus/": {"t": "Erasmus", "s": "Dutch humanist and theologian, key figure of the Northern Renaissance."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/coastal/shanghai/": {"t": "Shanghai", "s": "China's most populous city and a global hub for finance and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution/": {"t": "1911 Revolution", "s": "The uprising that ended millennia of imperial rule in China.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/1911-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: 1911 Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution/": {"t": "Cultural Revolution", "s": "A sociopolitical movement launched by Mao Zedong from 1966 to 1976.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/cultural-revolution.webp", "c": "闫恩铭／Enming Yan · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/san-francisco/": {"t": "San Francisco", "s": "The City by the Bay, a center of liberal activism and innovation."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/london-school-of-economics/": {"t": "London School of Economics", "s": "A leading social science university in London."}, "https://codexery.com/regions-cultural-spheres/e/regions-and-cultural-spheres/middle-east-and-north-africa/": {"t": "Middle East and North Africa", "s": "A geographic region with no standardized definition, used across multiple fields."}, "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/e/other-european-regions/flanders/": {"t": "Flanders", "s": "Dutch-speaking northern region of Belgium with rich medieval history.", "i": "https://codexery.com/other-european-regions/img/other-european-regions/flanders.webp", "c": "Tom Lemmens · via Wikipedia: Flanders · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/e/national-cultures-and-ethnic-groups/dutch-people/": {"t": "Dutch people", "s": "Ethnic group native to the Netherlands, with global diaspora."}, "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/e/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire/": {"t": "First French Empire", "s": "Empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, dominating early 19th-century Europe.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasti/img/early-modern-state-formation-and-dynasties/first-french-empire.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: First French Empire · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/dutch-language/": {"t": "Dutch language", "s": "A West Germanic language spoken by millions across Europe, the Americas, and beyond."}, "https://codexery.com/languages-and-dialects/e/languages-and-dialects/french-language/": {"t": "French language", "s": "A Romance language of the 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It was uploaded to Commons through a partnership with Wikimedia France · via Wikipedia: Adolf von Baeyer · Licence Ouverte"}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-and-conflicts/e/revolutions-and-conflicts/world-war-i/": {"t": "World War I", "s": "The First World War, a global conflict from 1914 to 1918, was fought between the Allied and Central Powers."}, "https://codexery.com/major-wars/e/major-wars/second-world-war/": {"t": "Second World War", "s": "Global conflict between Allies and Axis, deadliest in history."}, "https://codexery.com/government-and-law/e/government-and-law/politics/": {"t": "Politics", "s": "Activity of settling affairs in an organized society via government."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/ku-leuven/": {"t": "KU Leuven", "s": "Largest university in Belgium and the Low Countries; Catholic research institution in Leuven, Belgium.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/ku-leuven.webp", "c": "Ste.caneva · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-organizations/e/genetics-organizations/vlaams-instituut-voor-biotechnologie/": {"t": "Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie", "s": "Flemish life-sciences institute focused on research excellence and economic growth."}, "https://codexery.com/crime-and-deviance/e/crime-and-deviance/vandalism/": {"t": "Vandalism", "s": "Deliberate destruction or defacement of property."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/johann-wolfgang-von-goethe/": {"t": "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe", "s": "German polymath and most influential writer in the German language"}, "https://codexery.com/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-cent/e/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/max-von-laue/": {"t": "Max von Laue", "s": "German physicist who discovered X-ray diffraction by crystals.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-cent/img/physicists-and-chemists-of-the-20th-century/max-von-laue.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Max von Laue · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/max-born/": {"t": "Max Born", "s": "German–British physicist who shaped quantum mechanics and mentored many."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/j-rgen-habermas/": {"t": "Jürgen Habermas", "s": "German philosopher and social theorist known for communicative rationality and the public sphere."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers/e/philosophers/herbert-marcuse/": {"t": "Herbert Marcuse", "s": "German-American philosopher and key theorist of the New Left."}, "https://codexery.com/psychologists-and-social-scientists/e/psychologists-and-social-scientists/erich-fromm/": {"t": "Erich Fromm", "s": "Psychoanalyst and social philosopher who explored human freedom and love."}, "https://codexery.com/political-theorists-and-social-scientist/e/political-theorists-and-social-scientists/karl-mannheim/": {"t": "Karl Mannheim", "s": "Hungarian sociologist and seminal figure in the study of generations."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/hans-georg-gadamer/": {"t": "Hans-Georg Gadamer", "s": "German philosopher of hermeneutics, author of Truth and Method"}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/martin-buber/": {"t": "Martin Buber", "s": "Philosopher of dialogue and cultural Zionist"}, "https://codexery.com/protestant-reformers-pastors/e/protestant-reformers-and-pastors/paul-tillich/": {"t": "Paul Tillich", "s": "German-American theologian and existentialist philosopher."}, "https://codexery.com/political-and-social-theorists/e/political-and-social-theorists/norbert-elias/": {"t": "Norbert Elias", "s": "Sociologist of civilizing and decivilizing processes"}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/marine-engineering/": {"t": "Marine engineering", "s": "Engineering of watercrafts, ocean systems, and ocean structures."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/automotive-engineering/": {"t": "Automotive engineering", "s": "The engineering of vehicle design, manufacture, and operation."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/computing-and-digital/computer-science/": {"t": "Computer science", "s": "Study of computation, information, and automation spanning theory to application."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/engineering-disciplines/software-engineering/": {"t": "Software engineering", "s": "Engineering discipline for designing and maintaining software systems."}, "https://codexery.com/greek-inventions/e/greek-inventions/analog-computer/": {"t": "Analog computer", "s": "Analog computers model problems using physical analogies."}, "https://codexery.com/flight-instruments-and-avionics/e/flight-instruments-and-avionics/radar/": {"t": "Radar", "s": "Radio waves detect and track objects by reflection."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/discovery-and-invention-controversies/integrated-circuit/": {"t": "Integrated circuit", "s": "Compact electronic circuits on a semiconductor chip revolutionized modern technology."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-astronomical-union/": {"t": "International Astronomical Union", "s": "Global authority for astronomical naming and cooperation."}, "https://codexery.com/space-program-of-china/e/space-program-of-china/china-aerospace-science-and-technology-corporation/": {"t": "China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation", "s": "State-owned main contractor for China's space program."}, "https://codexery.com/rebellions-against-the-united-states/e/rebellions-against-the-united-states/american-civil-war/": {"t": "American Civil War", "s": "Civil war between the Union and Confederacy over slavery and secession."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/printing-press/": {"t": "Printing press", "s": "Machine that transfers ink onto materials by applying pressure."}, "https://codexery.com/branches-of-christianity/e/branches-of-christianity/protestantism/": {"t": "Protestantism", "s": "Christian movement originating in the 16th-century Protestant Reformation."}, "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/e/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution/": {"t": "American Revolution", "s": "Political movement that created the sovereign United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/revolutions-uprisings/img/revolutions-and-uprisings/american-revolution.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: American Revolution · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/religious-traditions/e/religious-traditions/reformed-christianity/": {"t": "Reformed Christianity", "s": "A major branch of Protestantism emphasizing the sovereignty of God and covenant theology.", "i": 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"https://codexery.com/christian-reformers-and-mystics/e/christian-reformers-and-mystics/william-ellery-channing/": {"t": "William Ellery Channing", "s": "Foremost Unitarian preacher and theologian in early 19th-century America."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/ancient-cities/jerusalem/": {"t": "Jerusalem", "s": "A holy city to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, and a focal point of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict."}, "https://codexery.com/captains-of-deal-castle/e/captains-of-deal-castle/edmund-allenby-1st-viscount-allenby/": {"t": "Edmund Allenby, 1st Viscount Allenby", "s": "British field marshal who conquered Palestine and governed Egypt."}, "https://codexery.com/cold-war-conflicts/e/cold-war-conflicts/1948-arab-israeli-war/": {"t": "1948 Arab–Israeli War", "s": "The 1948 Arab–Israeli War: the conflict that reshaped Palestine and established the State of Israel."}, "https://codexery.com/archers/e/archers/jack-churchill/": {"t": "Jack Churchill", "s": "British officer who fought 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published in 1888) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/e/royalty-and-heads-of-state/george-vi/": {"t": "George VI", "s": "King of the United Kingdom and last Emperor of India.", "i": "https://codexery.com/royalty-and-heads-of-state/img/royalty-and-heads-of-state/george-vi.webp", "c": "Anonymous Unknown author · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/king-s-college-london/": {"t": "King's College London", "s": "Founded 1829; founding college of University of London."}, "https://codexery.com/media-and-publishing/e/media-and-publishing/time-magazine/": {"t": "Time (magazine)", "s": "A weekly news magazine that pioneered telling news through people."}, "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/e/composers-and-musicians/queen-band/": {"t": "Queen (band)", "s": "Queen are a British rock band that started in London in 1970.", "i": "https://codexery.com/composers-musicians/img/composers-and-musicians/queen-band.webp", "c": "Koh 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