{"/e/part-1/internal-energy/": {"t": "Internal energy", "s": "Internal energy is a state function central to the first law of thermodynamics."}, "/e/part-1/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "/e/part-1/liquid/": {"t": "Liquid", "s": "A state of matter with definite volume but no fixed shape."}, "/e/part-1/solid/": {"t": "Solid", "s": "A state of matter with tightly bound atoms and structural rigidity."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/mass/": {"t": "Mass", "s": "Intrinsic property measuring inertia and gravitational attraction."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/mole-unit/": {"t": "Mole (unit)", "s": "SI base unit for amount of substance."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/part-1/gravitational-field/": {"t": "Gravitational field", "s": "A vector field explaining gravitational influences around a body.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/part-1/gravitational-field.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/physical-ocean-floor-features/e/part-1/altitude/": {"t": "Altitude", "s": "Vertical distance measurement with varied definitions across contexts."}, "/e/part-1/entropy/": {"t": "Entropy", "s": "A measure of disorder and irreversibility in physical systems."}, "/e/part-1/heat-capacity/": {"t": "Heat capacity", "s": "Heat capacity measures heat needed to change an object's temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/part-1/meteorology/": {"t": "Meteorology", "s": "Study of Earth's atmosphere and weather forecasting."}, "/e/part-1/statistical-mechanics/": {"t": "Statistical mechanics", "s": "Statistical mechanics links microscopic particle behavior to macroscopic properties."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/joule-heating/": {"t": "Joule heating", "s": "Electric current through a conductor generates heat."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/part-1/exothermic-reaction/": {"t": "Exothermic reaction", "s": "A reaction with negative standard enthalpy change, releasing heat."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/e/part-1/probability-distribution/": {"t": "Probability distribution", "s": "Mathematical description of probabilities for random phenomena.", "i": "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/img/part-1/probability-distribution.webp", "c": "Incnis Mrsi ( talk ) · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/e/part-1/economics/": {"t": "Economics", "s": "Social science studying production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.", "i": "https://codexery.com/economic-concepts/img/part-1/economics.webp", "c": "Pk0001 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/communication-and-media/e/part-1/telecommunications/": {"t": "Telecommunications", "s": "Transmission of information over distance by electrical or electronic means."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/part-1/thermodynamic-equilibrium/": {"t": "Thermodynamic equilibrium", "s": "State with no net flows and no tendency toward change."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/part-1/ludwig-boltzmann/": {"t": "Ludwig Boltzmann", "s": "Austrian physicist who developed statistical mechanics and the statistical explanation of entropy."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/part-1/nicolas-l-onard-sadi-carnot/": {"t": "Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot", "s": "French military engineer and physicist who founded the first successful theory of heat engine efficiency."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/work-physics/": {"t": "Work (physics)", "s": "Energy transferred by force along a displacement."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/part-1/josiah-willard-gibbs/": {"t": "Josiah Willard Gibbs", "s": "American scientist who created statistical mechanics and modern vector calculus."}, "/e/part-1/ideal-gas-law/": {"t": "Ideal gas law", "s": "Equation of state for a hypothetical ideal gas."}, "/e/part-1/phase-matter/": {"t": "Phase (matter)", "s": "A phase is a uniform region of material with distinct physical properties."}, "/e/part-1/heat-transfer/": {"t": "Heat transfer", "s": "Discipline of thermal engineering concerning exchange of thermal energy."}, "/e/part-1/thermodynamic-cycle/": {"t": "Thermodynamic cycle", "s": "A cycle returns a system to its initial state."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/part-1/chemical-equilibrium/": {"t": "Chemical equilibrium", "s": "State where forward and reverse reaction rates are equal."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/part-1/entropy-information-theory/": {"t": "Entropy (information theory)", "s": "Measure of average uncertainty in a random variable's outcomes."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/e/part-1/randomness/": {"t": "Randomness", "s": "Randomness is a measure of uncertainty, not haphazardness."}, "/e/part-1/enthalpy/": {"t": "Enthalpy", "s": "Enthalpy is the sum of internal energy and pressure-volume work."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/part-1/water-cycle/": {"t": "Water cycle", "s": "Continuous movement of water across Earth's reservoirs."}, "https://codexery.com/plant-biology/e/part-1/transpiration/": {"t": "Transpiration", "s": "Passive water movement through plants, cooling and enabling nutrient flow."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/part-1/molecule/": {"t": "Molecule", "s": "Group of atoms bonded together; fundamental unit of chemical compounds."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/kinetic-energy/": {"t": "Kinetic energy", "s": "Energy of motion, quantified as ½mv² in classical mechanics."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/intermolecular-force/": {"t": "Intermolecular force", "s": "Weak forces mediating interactions between molecules, essential in biochemistry."}, "/e/part-1/phase-transition/": {"t": "Phase transition", "s": "Physical process of transition between states of matter."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/density/": {"t": "Density", "s": "Mass per unit volume, an intensive property of matter."}, "/e/part-1/melting/": {"t": "Melting", "s": "Phase transition from solid to liquid at melting point."}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/part-1/hysteresis/": {"t": "Hysteresis", "s": "History-dependent behavior observed across many natural and artificial systems."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/part-1/crystal-growth/": {"t": "Crystal growth", "s": "Process of adding particles to a crystalline lattice after nucleation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/part-1/crystal-growth.webp", "c": "LaMèreVeille · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/food-and-drink/e/part-1/food-preservation/": {"t": "Food preservation", "s": "Methods to slow spoilage and reduce food waste."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/part-1/civil-engineering/": {"t": "Civil engineering", "s": "Professional discipline designing and maintaining the built environment."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/part-1/electric-motor/": {"t": "Electric motor", "s": "Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy via magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/potential-energy/": {"t": "Potential energy", "s": "Energy stored in an object's position or configuration."}, "https://codexery.com/metrology/e/part-1/dimensional-analysis/": {"t": "Dimensional analysis", "s": "Method for analyzing physical dimensions of quantities."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/kilogram/": {"t": "Kilogram", "s": "The kilogram (sometimes spelled kilogramme) is the SI base unit of mass, equivalent to 1,000 grams."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/metre/": {"t": "Metre", "s": "Base SI unit of length, defined by light in vacuum."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/part-1/chemical-engineering/": {"t": "Chemical engineering", "s": "Engineering field focused on converting raw materials into useful products."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/part-1/fahrenheit/": {"t": "Fahrenheit", "s": "A temperature scale proposed by Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit in 1724, still used in the United States and a few other territories."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/part-1/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/part-1/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/part-1/black-hole-greybody-factors/": {"t": "Black hole greybody factors", "s": "Factors altering Hawking radiation from perfect black-body spectrum."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/part-1/mechanical-equilibrium/": {"t": "Mechanical equilibrium", "s": "State where net force on each part is zero."}, "/e/part-1/thermodynamic-free-energy/": {"t": "Thermodynamic free energy", "s": "Free energy measures work available at constant temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-radiation/": {"t": "Electromagnetic radiation", "s": "Self-propagating wave of the electromagnetic field carrying energy."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/joule/": {"t": "Joule", "s": "English physicist whose work led to the SI unit of energy."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/part-1/mechanical-engineering/": {"t": "Mechanical engineering", "s": "One of the oldest and broadest engineering branches."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/part-1/transport-phenomena/": {"t": "Transport phenomena", "s": "Study of mass, energy, and momentum exchange in systems."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/part-1/newtonian-fluid/": {"t": "Newtonian fluid", "s": "Fluid with linear stress-strain rate relation and constant viscosity."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/proton/": {"t": "Proton", "s": "Proton: stable subatomic particle, building block of atomic nuclei."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/radiative-transfer/": {"t": "Radiative transfer", "s": "Energy transfer via electromagnetic radiation through absorption, emission, scattering."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars-part-4/e/part-1/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "/e/part-1/state-of-matter/": {"t": "State of matter", "s": "Distinct forms of matter defined by particle arrangement and behavior."}, "/e/part-1/evaporation/": {"t": "Evaporation", "s": "Surface vaporization of a liquid into gas phase."}, "https://codexery.com/engineering-disciplines/e/part-1/automotive-engineering/": {"t": "Automotive engineering", "s": "The engineering of vehicle design, manufacture, and operation."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/radiance/": {"t": "Radiance", "s": "Radiance measures radiant flux per solid angle per projected area."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/reflection-physics/": {"t": "Reflection (physics)", "s": "Wavefront returns into the original medium upon striking an interface."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-radiation/e/part-1/radiation/": {"t": "Radiation", "s": "Energy emitted as waves or particles through space or matter."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/part-1/dalton-unit/": {"t": "Dalton (unit)", "s": "The dalton (Da) or unified atomic mass unit (u) is a unit of mass defined as 1/12 of a carbon-12 atom, used for atomic-scale masses.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/part-1/dalton-unit.webp", "c": "War Department. The Adjutant General's Office. 3/4/1907-9/18/1947 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/nitrogen/": {"t": "Nitrogen", "s": "Nitrogen is a colourless, odourless diatomic gas forming 78% of Earth's air."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/noble-gas/": {"t": "Noble gas", "s": "Group 18 elements with full valence shells and low reactivity."}, "https://codexery.com/quantum-mechanics-and-foundations/e/part-1/particle-in-a-box/": {"t": "Particle in a box", "s": "A simple quantum model showing energy levels and spatial nodes."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/part-1/chemical-composition/": {"t": "Chemical composition", "s": "Chemical composition defines elements and their ratios in compounds."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/rotation/": {"t": "Rotation", "s": "Rotational motion leaves at least one point unchanged."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/oscillation/": {"t": "Oscillation", "s": "Repetitive variation about a central value across many scientific fields."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/part-1/chemical-bond/": {"t": "Chemical bond", "s": "The association of atoms or ions via electrostatic forces, electron sharing, or a combination, forming molecules and crystals."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electrostatic-induction/": {"t": "Electrostatic induction", "s": "Redistribution of charge in an object by nearby charges."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/dipole/": {"t": "Dipole", "s": "Electromagnetic phenomenon with electric and magnetic forms."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/electrostatics/": {"t": "Electrostatics", "s": "Branch of physics studying stationary electric charges and their forces."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "/e/part-1/freezing/": {"t": "Freezing", "s": "Liquid turns to solid upon cooling below freezing point."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/viscosity/": {"t": "Viscosity", "s": "Viscosity quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/organic-compound/": {"t": "Organic compound", "s": "Carbon-based compounds central to life and chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/part-1/max-born/": {"t": "Max Born", "s": "German–British physicist who shaped quantum mechanics and mentored many."}, "https://codexery.com/genetics-and-genomics/e/part-1/genetics/": {"t": "Genetics", "s": "Study of genes and heredity"}, "https://codexery.com/science-measurement/e/part-1/polymerase-chain-reaction/": {"t": "Polymerase chain reaction", "s": "PCR amplifies specific DNA sequences rapidly for study."}, "/e/part-1/plasma-physics/": {"t": "Plasma (physics)", "s": "The fourth state of matter, comprising most of the universe."}, "/e/part-1/surface-tension/": {"t": "Surface tension", "s": "Surface tension is the force per unit length at a liquid surface."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/refractive-index/": {"t": "Refractive index", "s": "Ratio of light speed in vacuum to that in a medium."}, "https://codexery.com/cooking/e/part-1/emulsion/": {"t": "Emulsion", "s": "Mixture of immiscible liquids, one dispersed in another."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/kelvin/": {"t": "Kelvin", "s": "British scientist who developed the absolute temperature scale."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/part-1/crystal-polymorphism/": {"t": "Crystal polymorphism", "s": "A compound can crystallize into more than one crystal structure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/part-1/crystal-polymorphism.webp", "c": "Perditax · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/part-1/allotropy/": {"t": "Allotropy", "s": "Property of elements to exist in multiple structural forms."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/ferromagnetism/": {"t": "Ferromagnetism", "s": "Strongest type of magnetism, enabling permanent magnets and many technologies."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/part-1/eutectic-system/": {"t": "Eutectic system", "s": "A mixture with a melting point lower than its constituents."}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/part-1/lars-onsager/": {"t": "Lars Onsager", "s": "Norwegian American physical chemist and theoretical physicist, Nobel laureate in Chemistry (1968)."}, "https://codexery.com/meteorology/e/part-1/water-vapor/": {"t": "Water vapor", "s": "The gaseous phase of water, a key greenhouse gas and component of Earth's hydrosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-continuum-mechanics/e/part-1/turbulence/": {"t": "Turbulence", "s": "Chaotic fluid motion with vortices, mixing, and unresolved physics."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/part-1/superconductivity/": {"t": "Superconductivity", "s": "Phenomenon of zero electrical resistance and magnetic field expulsion."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/part-1/physical-cosmology/": {"t": "Physical cosmology", "s": "Study of the universe's origin, structure, and evolution."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetic-field/": {"t": "Electromagnetic field", "s": "A physical field combining electric and magnetic influences."}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/part-1/lipid-bilayer/": {"t": "Lipid bilayer", "s": "Thin polar membrane forming a barrier around all cells.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/part-1/lipid-bilayer.webp", "c": "Bensaccount · via Wikipedia: Lipid bilayer · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/e/part-1/protein-folding/": {"t": "Protein folding", "s": "Physical process forming functional protein three-dimensional structure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/cell-and-molecular-biology/img/part-1/protein-folding.webp", "c": "Holger87 · via Wikipedia: Protein folding · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/kitchentools/e/part-1/thermometer/": {"t": "Thermometer", "s": "A device that measures temperature, from ancient pneumatics to modern digital readouts."}, "https://codexery.com/science-and-technology/e/part-1/natural-science/": {"t": "Natural science", "s": "Empirical study of natural phenomena through observation and experimentation."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/part-1/geography/": {"t": "Geography", "s": "Geography is the study of Earth's lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/mercury-element/": {"t": "Mercury (element)", "s": "A heavy, silvery liquid metal with unique physical properties and high toxicity."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-analysis-and-spectroscopy/e/part-1/calorimetry/": {"t": "Calorimetry", "s": "Science of measuring heat transfer in chemical and physical changes."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/classical-mechanics/": {"t": "Classical mechanics", "s": "Theory of forces and motion for macroscopic objects.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/part-1/classical-mechanics.webp", "c": "David, but not Hilbert · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electric-power/": {"t": "Electric power", "s": "Electric power is the rate of electrical energy transfer.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/part-1/electric-power.webp", "c": "Alan O'Dowd · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/part-1/refrigerator/": {"t": "Refrigerator", "s": "A thermally insulated appliance that cools food below ambient temperature."}, "https://codexery.com/discovery-and-invention-controversies/e/part-1/jet-engine/": {"t": "Jet engine", "s": "Reaction engine discharging heated gas to produce thrust."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/part-1/international-union-of-pure-and-applied-chemistry/": {"t": "International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry", "s": "International authority for chemical nomenclature and standards."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/part-1/chemical-reaction/": {"t": "Chemical reaction", "s": "Process rearranging atoms with energy change, yielding new substances."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/part-1/chemical-compound/": {"t": "Chemical compound", "s": "Substance of multiple elements bonded in fixed proportions."}, "https://codexery.com/biology-concepts/e/part-1/life/": {"t": "Life", "s": "Life is a self-sustained process in matter, characterized by organization, metabolism, growth, adaptation, response to stimuli, and reproduction, ending in deat"}, "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/e/part-1/albertus-magnus/": {"t": "Albertus Magnus", "s": "Medieval philosopher, scientist, and Doctor of the Church who systematized Aristotle's works.", "i": "https://codexery.com/early-church-fathers-and-saints/img/part-1/albertus-magnus.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Magnus of Trani · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/part-1/crystallization/": {"t": "Crystallization", "s": "Process forming ordered solids from solution, melt, or gas."}, "https://codexery.com/nebulae/e/part-1/interstellar-cloud/": {"t": "Interstellar cloud", "s": "Denser-than-average regions of the interstellar medium, where hydrogen can be neutral, ionized, or molecular."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/inorganic-compound/": {"t": "Inorganic compound", "s": "A chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bonds, studied in inorganic chemistry."}, "https://codexery.com/cuisine-and-condiments/e/part-1/mayonnaise/": {"t": "Mayonnaise", "s": "Thick, creamy emulsion of oil, egg yolk, and acid."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/part-1/hydraulics/": {"t": "Hydraulics", "s": "Technology using pressurized liquids for power and control."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/elasticity-physics/": {"t": "Elasticity (physics)", "s": "Elasticity describes a material's ability to recover its original shape."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/buoyancy/": {"t": "Buoyancy", "s": "Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed object."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation-part-2/e/part-1/surface-wave/": {"t": "Surface wave", "s": "Electromagnetic or mechanical wave guided along an interface between two media."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/part-1/non-newtonian-fluid/": {"t": "Non-Newtonian fluid", "s": "Fluids whose viscosity changes under stress or force."}, "https://codexery.com/cuisine-and-condiments/e/part-1/ketchup/": {"t": "Ketchup", "s": "A sweet and sour table condiment, now typically made from tomatoes."}, "https://codexery.com/botany-plant-biology/e/part-1/starch/": {"t": "Starch", "s": "A polysaccharide energy store in plants and human staple."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/part-1/hydrogen-bond/": {"t": "Hydrogen bond", "s": "A partial-covalent molecular interaction between a protic hydrogen and an electronegative acceptor."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/elastic-modulus/": {"t": "Elastic modulus", "s": "A measure of a material's resistance to elastic deformation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/part-1/elastic-modulus.webp", "c": "Arbitrarily0 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/part-1/plutonium/": {"t": "Plutonium", "s": "Plutonium is the element with the highest atomic number known to occur in nature."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/part-1/metalloid/": {"t": "Metalloid", "s": "Elements with properties between metals and nonmetals."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/part-1/quartz/": {"t": "Quartz", "s": "A hard, abundant mineral used in jewelry and technology."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/part-1/solid-state-physics/": {"t": "Solid-state physics", "s": "Study of solids' atomic-scale properties determining large-scale behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/part-1/crystallite/": {"t": "Crystallite", "s": "Small crystals that form the grains of most solid materials."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/part-1/ceramic/": {"t": "Ceramic", "s": "Hard, brittle, heat-resistant materials made from fired inorganic substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/img/part-1/ceramic.webp", "c": "Goterrestrial · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/part-1/polystyrene/": {"t": "Polystyrene", "s": "A widely used, non-biodegradable thermoplastic polymer."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/part-1/rock-geology/": {"t": "Rock (geology)", "s": "Naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/part-1/rock-geology.webp", "c": "Adrian Diack · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/part-1/cellulose/": {"t": "Cellulose", "s": "The most abundant organic polymer on Earth, essential for plant cell walls and industrial products."}, "https://codexery.com/construction-materials/e/part-1/composite-material/": {"t": "Composite material", "s": "Composite materials merge dissimilar constituents for enhanced properties."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity/": {"t": "Electrical resistivity and conductivity", "s": "Resistivity measures opposition to current; conductivity is its reciprocal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/part-1/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity.webp", "c": "Wolff, F.A.; Dellinger, J.H. · No restrictions"}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/part-1/bonding-in-solids/": {"t": "Bonding in solids", "s": "Classification of solids by bonding type.", "i": "https://codexery.com/crystallography/img/part-1/bonding-in-solids.webp", "c": "Yield3 · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/part-1/cubic-crystal-system/": {"t": "Cubic crystal system", "s": "A crystal system with a cubic unit cell, common in minerals and metals."}, "https://codexery.com/coffee/e/part-1/decaffeination/": {"t": "Decaffeination", "s": "Process removing caffeine from coffee and tea."}, "https://codexery.com/hungarian-inventions/e/part-1/plasma-display/": {"t": "Plasma display", "s": "First large flat-panel displays, later superseded by LCDs and OLEDs."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/part-1/covalent-bond/": {"t": "Covalent bond", "s": "Covalent bonds involve shared electron pairs between atoms.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry/img/part-1/covalent-bond.webp", "c": "DynaBlast · CC BY-SA 2.5"}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-and-gems/e/part-1/magnetite/": {"t": "Magnetite", "s": "Most magnetic naturally occurring mineral, key to paleomagnetism and compasses."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/albert-einstein/": {"t": "Albert Einstein", "s": "Theoretical physicist who developed relativity and E=mc²"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/part-1/rubidium/": {"t": "Rubidium", "s": "The deep red alkali metal discovered by flame spectroscopy."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/fermion/": {"t": "Fermion", "s": "Subatomic particles with half-integer spin obeying Pauli exclusion."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/ionization/": {"t": "Ionization", "s": "Process by which atoms or molecules gain or lose electrons to become ions."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/part-1/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "The only known planet with liquid surface water and life."}, "https://codexery.com/galaxy-clusters-and-groups/e/part-1/intracluster-medium/": {"t": "Intracluster medium", "s": "Superheated plasma permeating galaxy clusters, emitting strong X-rays."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/irving-langmuir/": {"t": "Irving Langmuir", "s": "Nobel-winning chemist and physicist who pioneered surface chemistry, plasma physics, and the gas-filled incandescent lamp."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/humphry-davy/": {"t": "Humphry Davy", "s": "British chemist and inventor of the Davy lamp, pioneer of electrochemistry"}, "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/e/part-1/william-crookes/": {"t": "William Crookes", "s": "English chemist and physicist, discoverer of thallium, pioneer of vacuum tubes and plasma physics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemists-and-biochemists/img/part-1/william-crookes.webp", "c": "George Charles Beresford (1864-1938) · via Wikipedia: William Crookes · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electromagnetism/": {"t": "Electromagnetism", "s": "One of four fundamental forces governing atomic and molecular interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/part-1/particle/": {"t": "Particle", "s": "A particle is a separate part of a larger system."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electric-current/": {"t": "Electric current", "s": "Flow of charged particles through a conductor or space."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/part-1/electric-field/": {"t": "Electric field", "s": "Electric fields arise from charges and exert forces on other charges."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/elementary-charge/": {"t": "Elementary charge", "s": "Fundamental constant defining the charge of an electron."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/part-1/electronvolt/": {"t": "Electronvolt", "s": "Unit of energy gained by an electron through one volt."}, "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/e/part-1/electrical-conductor/": {"t": "Electrical conductor", "s": "Material enabling electric current flow via charge carriers.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/part-1/electrical-conductor.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/lorentz-force/": {"t": "Lorentz force", "s": "Force on a charged particle by electric and magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/part-1/maxwell-s-equations/": {"t": "Maxwell's equations", "s": "Coupled equations describing electric and magnetic field generation."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/part-1/navier-stokes-equations/": {"t": "Navier–Stokes equations", "s": "Equations describing viscous fluid motion, with unsolved smoothness problem."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/observable-universe/": {"t": "Observable universe", "s": "The portion of the universe visible from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/radio-propagation/e/part-1/ionosphere/": {"t": "Ionosphere", "s": "Ionized upper atmosphere enabling long-distance radio propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/part-1/interstellar-medium/": {"t": "Interstellar medium", "s": "Matter and radiation between star systems in a galaxy."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/part-1/colligative-properties/": {"t": "Colligative properties", "s": "Solution properties depending only on solute particle count."}, "https://codexery.com/cellular-biology/e/part-1/biological-membrane/": {"t": "Biological membrane", "s": "A selectively permeable membrane defining cell boundaries and compartments."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-nutrition/e/part-1/polysaccharide/": {"t": "Polysaccharide", "s": "Polysaccharides are abundant carbohydrates serving storage and structural roles."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/part-1/equilibrium-constant/": {"t": "Equilibrium constant", "s": "Value of reaction quotient at chemical equilibrium."}, "https://codexery.com/biochemistry-and-cell-biology/e/part-1/cell-wall/": {"t": "Cell wall", "s": "Structural layer outside cell membrane providing support and protection."}, "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/e/part-1/cell-membrane/": {"t": "Cell membrane", "s": "Semipermeable lipid bilayer separating cell interior from environment.", "i": "https://codexery.com/animal-anatomy/img/part-1/cell-membrane.webp", "c": "Blackout Sea · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/invertebrates/e/part-1/leech/": {"t": "Leech", "s": "Parasitic or predatory worms used in medicine since ancient times."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/part-1/force/": {"t": "Force", "s": "A vector action causing change in motion, shape, or pressure.", "i": "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/img/part-1/force.webp", "c": "SpaceX · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/part-1/desalination/": {"t": "Desalination", "s": "Converting salt water to fresh water through artificial processes."}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/part-1/surface-area/": {"t": "Surface area", "s": "Measure of total area of a solid object's surface."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/part-1/newton-unit/": {"t": "Newton (unit)", "s": "SI unit of force, named after Isaac Newton."}, "https://codexery.com/other-invertebrates/e/part-1/gerridae/": {"t": "Gerridae", "s": "Insects that walk on water using hydrophobic legs and surface tension."}, "https://codexery.com/polymers-and-macromolecules/e/part-1/polytetrafluoroethylene/": {"t": "Polytetrafluoroethylene", "s": "Accidentally discovered fluoropolymer used widely for non-stick and chemical resistance."}, "https://codexery.com/probability-statistics/e/part-1/probability-theory/": {"t": "Probability theory", "s": "Mathematical study of randomness and uncertainty."}, "https://codexery.com/computing-digital/e/part-1/computer-science/": {"t": "Computer science", "s": "Study of computation, information, and automation spanning theory to application."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/part-1/daniel-bernoulli/": {"t": "Daniel Bernoulli", "s": "Swiss mathematician and physicist known for Bernoulli's principle.", "i": "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/img/part-1/daniel-bernoulli.webp", "c": "UnknownEdited by Bammesk · via Wikipedia: Daniel Bernoulli · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/probability-and-stochastic-processes/e/part-1/monte-carlo-method/": {"t": "Monte Carlo method", "s": "Computational algorithms using repeated random sampling for numerical results."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/part-1/black-hole-information-paradox/": {"t": "Black hole information paradox", "s": "A paradox questioning information loss in black hole evaporation."}}