[{"n": "Chappe telegraph", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/chappe-telegraph/", "s": "A French optical telegraph system using towers and telescopes."}, {"n": "Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/cooke-and-wheatstone-telegraph/", "s": "First commercial electrical telegraph, using needles to indicate letters."}, {"n": "Earth-return telegraph", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/earth-return-telegraph/", "s": "Earth return halves wire cost by using ground as conductor."}, {"n": "Electrical telegraph", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/electrical-telegraph/", "s": "First electrical telecommunications system, used from the 1840s."}, {"n": "Cyrus W. Field", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/cyrus-w-field/", "s": "Financier who led the first transatlantic telegraph cable project."}, {"n": "Foy–Breguet telegraph", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/foy-breguet-telegraph/", "s": "Electrical telegraph mimicking the Chappe optical code."}, {"n": "Heliograph", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/heliograph/", "s": "A solar telegraph using reflected sunlight for long-distance optical communication."}, {"n": "Needle telegraph", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/needle-telegraph/", "s": "An electromagnetic telegraph using needles to indicate messages."}, {"n": "Order of Railroad Telegraphers", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/order-of-railroad-telegraphers/", "s": "Union of railroad telegraphers ensuring safe train operations."}, {"n": "Telegraph code", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/telegraph-code/", "s": "Character encodings for telegraphy, from optical to electrical systems."}, {"n": "Teleprinter", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/teleprinter/", "s": "Electromechanical device for typed message transmission."}, {"n": "Teletype Corporation", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/teletype-corporation/", "s": "American manufacturer of teleprinters and data communications equipment."}, {"n": "John B. Yale", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/john-b-yale/", "s": "Telegraph entrepreneur who challenged Western Union's monopoly."}, {"n": "Ticker tape", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/ticker-tape/", "s": "Early electrical medium for transmitting stock prices over telegraph lines."}, {"n": "Wheatstone system", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/wheatstone-system/", "s": "Automated telegraph system using punched paper tape for fast Morse transmission."}, {"n": "Schilling telegraph", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/schilling-telegraph/", "s": "A nineteenth-century needle telegraph using binary code and a piano-like keyboard."}, {"n": "Commercial code (communications)", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/commercial-code-communications/", "s": "Codes that turned phrases into single words to save on cablegram costs."}, {"n": "PK Porthcurno", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/pk-porthcurno/", "s": "Museum of global communications in former telegraph tunnels."}, {"n": "Great Western Railway telegraphic codes", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/great-western-railway-telegraphic-codes/", "s": "Commercial telegraph code used by the Great Western Railway."}, {"n": "Pantelegraph", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/pantelegraph/", "s": "Early facsimile machine transmitting handwriting over telegraph lines."}, {"n": "Telegraph troops", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/telegraph-troops/", "s": "Military units for establishing and disrupting telegraphic communications in war."}, {"n": "Walter P. Phillips", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/walter-p-phillips/", "s": "Creator of the Phillips Code, including POTUS and SCOTUS."}, {"n": "Syphon recorder", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/syphon-recorder/", "s": "Electromechanical receiver that recorded Morse code as ink on paper tape."}, {"n": "Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/francis-ormand-jonathan-smith/", "s": "Lawyer, congressman, and financier who partnered with Samuel Morse on the telegraph."}, {"n": "Telegram", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/telegram/", "s": "A written message transmitted by telegraph, popular from the 19th to mid-20th century."}, {"n": "Phillips Code", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/phillips-code/", "s": "A telegraphic shorthand standardizing abbreviations for rapid press transmission."}, {"n": "Baltimore–Washington telegraph line", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/baltimore-washington-telegraph-line/", "s": "First long-distance overland telegraph line in the United States."}, {"n": "John H. Emerick", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/john-h-emerick/", "s": "Union Army telegraph operator and youngest cipher clerk."}, {"n": "Cape York Telegraph Line", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/cape-york-telegraph-line/", "s": "Queensland telegraph line linking Laura to Thursday Island, completed 1887."}, {"n": "Acoustic telegraphy", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/acoustic-telegraphy/", "s": "A method of sending multiple Morse messages over one wire using audio frequencies."}, {"n": "Henry O'Reilly", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/henry-o-reilly/", "s": "Irish-American businessman and telegraphy pioneer."}, {"n": "John James Speed", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/john-james-speed/", "s": "American farmer, merchant, politician, and telegraphy pioneer."}, {"n": "Telegraph sounder", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/telegraph-sounder/", "s": "An electromechanical receiver that made Morse code audible via clicks."}, {"n": "Vibratese", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/vibratese/", "s": "A tactile communication system using duration, intensity, and location."}, {"n": "Joseph Barker Stearns", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/joseph-barker-stearns/", "s": "Inventor of the first practical duplex telegraphy system."}, {"n": "Beardslee Telegraph", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/beardslee-telegraph/", "s": "A portable military telegraph using a dial and magneto instead of a key."}, {"n": "Oficina de Telégrafo y Teléfono", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/oficina-de-tel-grafo-y-tel-fono/", "s": "Art Deco telegraph and telephone station in Guaynabo, Puerto Rico."}, {"n": "Telegraphic address", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/telegraphic-address/", "s": "A unique code for telegraph recipients, regulated to prevent duplication."}, {"n": "Kleinschmidt keyboard perforator", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/kleinschmidt-keyboard-perforator/", "s": "Keyboard perforator that prepared punched tape for telegraph transmission."}, {"n": "International Alphabet No. 5", "u": "/e/telegraph-keys-and-codes/international-alphabet-no-5/", "s": "Seven-bit character encoding that improved on five-bit ITA2."}]