{"https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/latitude/": {"t": "Latitude", "s": "Latitude specifies north-south position on Earth or celestial bodies.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/latitude.webp", "c": "source: Pearson Scott Foresman, donated to the Wikimedia Foundation\nsvg conversion: Gregors\nColor: Jahobr · via Wikipedia: Latitude · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude/": {"t": "Longitude", "s": "The east-west coordinate that, with latitude, pinpoints any location on Earth.", "i": "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/img/lines-and-hemispheres/longitude.webp", "c": "Original:  Pearson Scott Forman Vector:  Gregors · via Wikipedia: Longitude · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/psychology/e/psychology/gestalt-psychology/": {"t": "Gestalt psychology", "s": "School of psychology emphasizing whole patterns over individual parts.", "i": "https://codexery.com/psychology/img/psychology/gestalt-psychology.webp", "c": "Tuculet2017 · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-characters/e/mythological-characters/man-in-the-moon/": {"t": "Man in the Moon", "s": "A pareidolic figure seen in the full moon across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/children-s-and-animation/e/childrens-and-animation/kermit-the-frog/": {"t": "Kermit the Frog", "s": "Anthropomorphic green frog and pragmatic everyman of the Muppets."}, "https://codexery.com/planetary-nebulae/e/planetary-nebulae/helix-nebula/": {"t": "Helix Nebula", "s": "A nearby planetary nebula with cometary knots and a helix shape."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-science/e/lunar-science/geology-of-the-moon/": {"t": "Geology of the Moon", "s": "The Moon's geology reveals a differentiated body with a complex history."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-science/e/lunar-science/near-side-of-the-moon/": {"t": "Near side of the Moon", "s": "The Moon's Earth-facing hemisphere, tidally locked and phase-visible."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-14/": {"t": "Apollo 14", "s": "Third lunar landing, first in the lunar highlands.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-14.webp", "c": "NASA; restored by Michel Vuijlsteke · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/space-missions/e/space-missions/apollo-13/": {"t": "Apollo 13", "s": "Seventh crewed Apollo mission; aborted after oxygen tank explosion."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/mare-imbrium/": {"t": "Mare Imbrium", "s": "A large lunar mare formed by a protoplanet impact."}, "https://codexery.com/neutron-stars/e/neutron-stars/quake-natural-phenomenon/": {"t": "Quake (natural phenomenon)", "s": "A quake is a seismic event on any celestial body."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/petrology/": {"t": "Petrology", "s": "Branch of geology studying rocks and their formation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/petrology.webp", "c": "Henderson, Charles W.; Michael, Graham John.; Winstanley, J. B. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/e/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/edgar-mitchell/": {"t": "Edgar Mitchell", "s": "Apollo 14 astronaut who walked on the Moon and studied consciousness.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/img/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/edgar-mitchell.webp", "c": "NASA · via Wikipedia: Edgar Mitchell · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/apollo-program/": {"t": "Apollo program", "s": "The United States human spaceflight program that landed the first humans on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/human-missions-to-mars/e/human-missions-to-mars/free-return-trajectory/": {"t": "Free-return trajectory", "s": "A propellantless return path using gravity of a secondary body."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-12/": {"t": "Apollo 12", "s": "Second crewed Moon landing; precise landing near Surveyor 3.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-12.webp", "c": "NASA / Buzz Aldrin · Public domain"}, "/e/surface-features-of-the-moon/rille/": {"t": "Rille", "s": "Long, narrow lunar depressions resembling channels."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/impact-crater/": {"t": "Impact crater", "s": "A depression formed by hypervelocity impact of a smaller object."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-16/e/apollo-16/cayley-formation/": {"t": "Cayley Formation", "s": "Lunar plains formation reinterpreted after Apollo 16 samples."}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/e/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/lunar-orbiter-3/": {"t": "Lunar Orbiter 3", "s": "Lunar Orbiter 3 photographed Apollo and Surveyor landing sites."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-10/": {"t": "Apollo 10", "s": "Dress rehearsal for the first Moon landing.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-10.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-17/": {"t": "Apollo 17", "s": "Final Apollo Moon landing, with the only geologist to walk on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-17.webp", "c": "NASA on The Commons · Public domain"}, "/e/surface-features-of-the-moon/irregular-mare-patch/": {"t": "Irregular mare patch", "s": "Young volcanic-like patches on the Moon's surface."}, "https://codexery.com/international-organizations-and-agreemen/e/international-organizations-and-agreements/international-astronomical-union/": {"t": "International Astronomical Union", "s": "Global authority for astronomical naming and cooperation."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/planetary-nomenclature/": {"t": "Planetary nomenclature", "s": "IAU system for naming surface features on planets and satellites."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-15/": {"t": "Apollo 15", "s": "First J mission with rover, deep-space spacewalk, and Genesis Rock.", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-15.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "/e/surface-features-of-the-moon/lunar-mare/": {"t": "Lunar mare", "s": "Dark basaltic plains formed by ancient lava flows on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/mercury-planet/": {"t": "Mercury (planet)", "s": "Smallest planet and closest to the Sun."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/shield-volcano/": {"t": "Shield volcano", "s": "Broad, gently sloping volcanoes built by fluid lava flows.", "i": "https://codexery.com/volcanology/img/volcanology/shield-volcano.webp", "c": "AmmarBanafea · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/astrophotography/e/astrophotography/astronomical-seeing/": {"t": "Astronomical seeing", "s": "Atmospheric turbulence blurs astronomical images, limiting telescope resolution."}, "/e/surface-features-of-the-moon/ina-crater/": {"t": "Ina (crater)", "s": "Peculiar lunar depression with enigmatic hills and young lowlands."}, "https://codexery.com/impact-craters/e/impact-craters/crater-counting/": {"t": "Crater counting", "s": "Estimating planetary surface ages by counting impact craters."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/": {"t": "Radioactive decay", "s": "Unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation."}, "/e/surface-features-of-the-moon/mare-tranquillitatis-pit/": {"t": "Mare Tranquillitatis pit", "s": "Deepest known lunar pit and first confirmed lunar cave."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/basalt/": {"t": "Basalt", "s": "Fine-grained volcanic rock covering most of Earth's surface.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/basalt.webp", "c": "Tony Hisgett from Birmingham, UK · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-science/e/lunar-science/gravitation-of-the-moon/": {"t": "Gravitation of the Moon", "s": "Lunar gravity is one-sixth Earth's, with mascons and unstable orbits."}, "https://codexery.com/meteoroids/e/meteoroids/meteoroid/": {"t": "Meteoroid", "s": "Small rocky or metallic bodies moving through interplanetary space."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/chandrayaan-1/": {"t": "Chandrayaan-1", "s": "India's first lunar probe, confirmed water molecules on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/e/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/grail/": {"t": "GRAIL", "s": "Twin spacecraft mapped the Moon's gravity in unprecedented detail."}, "https://codexery.com/human-spaceflight-programs/e/human-spaceflight-programs/artemis-program/": {"t": "Artemis program", "s": "Returning humans to the Moon and building a permanent lunar base."}, "https://codexery.com/the-martian/e/world/jet-propulsion-laboratory/": {"t": "Jet Propulsion Laboratory", "s": "NASA's robotic-spacecraft lab, where Bruce Ng and Rich Purnell work."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy/e/astronomy/cosmic-ray/": {"t": "Cosmic ray", "s": "High-energy particles from space, discovered via balloon flights in 1912.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomy/img/astronomy/cosmic-ray.webp", "c": "Vahram Mekhitarian · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/meteoroids/e/meteoroids/micrometeorite/": {"t": "Micrometeorite", "s": "Micrometeorites are tiny extraterrestrial particles that survive atmospheric entry."}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/cold-trap-astronomy/": {"t": "Cold trap (astronomy)", "s": "Cold regions that freeze and retain volatiles for eons."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geologic-time-scale/": {"t": "Geologic time scale", "s": "Standardised intervals of Earth's 4.54 ± 0.05 billion-year history, defined by rock layers and radiometric dating."}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-the-moon/e/exploration-of-the-moon/lunar-resources/": {"t": "Lunar resources", "s": "Lunar materials could enable habitation and reduce exploration costs."}, "https://codexery.com/omniscient-readers-viewpoint/e/world/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "Kim Dokja's world, divided into scenario domes."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-science/e/lunar-science/far-side-of-the-moon/": {"t": "Far side of the Moon", "s": "The unseen hemisphere of the Moon, shielded from Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/luna-3/": {"t": "Luna 3", "s": "First spacecraft to photograph the Moon's far side."}, "https://codexery.com/cities/e/landmark-cities/moscow/": {"t": "Moscow", "s": "Capital of Russia, largest city in Europe, and a historic center of power and culture."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/e/ancient-civilizations/neolithic/": {"t": "Neolithic", "s": "The New Stone Age: dawn of farming and settlement.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-civilizations/img/ancient-civilizations/neolithic.webp", "c": "Zde · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/animals-in-chinese-mythology/e/animals-in-chinese-mythology/moon-rabbit/": {"t": "Moon rabbit", "s": "Mythical rabbit figure seen in Moon markings across cultures."}, "https://codexery.com/mythological-characters/e/mythological-characters/lunar-pareidolia/": {"t": "Lunar pareidolia", "s": "Seeing familiar shapes in the Moon's dark and light patches."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophers-thinkers/e/philosophers-and-thinkers/thales-of-miletus/": {"t": "Thales of Miletus", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher, first to use natural reason over myth."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/democritus/": {"t": "Democritus", "s": "The laughing philosopher who developed atomism from Leucippus's ideas."}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/e/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/anaximenes-of-miletus/": {"t": "Anaximenes of Miletus", "s": "Pre-Socratic philosopher who held air as the fundamental substance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-phil/img/ancient-and-medieval-historians-and-philosophers/anaximenes-of-miletus.webp", "c": "Girolamo Olgiati · via Wikipedia: Anaximenes of Miletus · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/pliny-the-elder/": {"t": "Pliny the Elder", "s": "Roman author and naturalist who wrote the encyclopedic Natural History and died rescuing others from Mount Vesuvius."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/scientists/plutarch/": {"t": "Plutarch", "s": "Greek and Roman philosopher, historian, and priest of Apollo"}, "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/e/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea/": {"t": "Caspian Sea", "s": "The world's largest inland body of water, a brackish sea between Europe and Asia.", "i": "https://codexery.com/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/img/rivers-and-seas-of-the-world/caspian-sea.webp", "c": "NASA · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/jan-van-eyck/": {"t": "Jan van Eyck", "s": "Early Netherlandish painter and innovator of oil painting techniques.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/jan-van-eyck.webp", "c": "Jan van Eyck · via Wikipedia: Jan van Eyck · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci/": {"t": "Leonardo da Vinci", "s": "Italian polymath of the High Renaissance.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/leonardo-da-vinci.webp", "c": "Attributed to Francesco Melzi · via Wikipedia: Leonardo da Vinci · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/e/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler/": {"t": "Johannes Kepler", "s": "German polymath and father of modern astronomy", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronomers-and-cosmologists/img/astronomers-and-cosmologists/johannes-kepler.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Johannes Kepler · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/creators-of-writing-systems/e/creators-of-writing-systems/thomas-harriot/": {"t": "Thomas Harriot", "s": "English astronomer, mathematician, and ethnographer of the Roanoke expedition."}, "/e/surface-features-of-the-moon/reiner-gamma/": {"t": "Reiner Gamma", "s": "A prominent lunar swirl with a strong magnetic anomaly."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-science/e/lunar-science/magnetic-field-of-the-moon/": {"t": "Magnetic field of the Moon", "s": "Lunar magnetic field is weak, crustal, and likely impact-generated."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-16/e/apollo-16/apollo-16/": {"t": "Apollo 16", "s": "Fifth crewed lunar landing, second J mission, explored Descartes Highlands."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-moon/e/missions-to-the-moon/lunar-prospector/": {"t": "Lunar Prospector", "s": "Lunar orbiter that mapped surface composition and found hydrogen ice."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/feldspar/": {"t": "Feldspar", "s": "A group of rock-forming minerals comprising most of Earth's crust."}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/e/spacecraft-that-orbited-the-moon/clementine-spacecraft/": {"t": "Clementine (spacecraft)", "s": "Joint U.S. mission that mapped the Moon but failed to reach its asteroid target."}, "https://codexery.com/artemis-program/e/artemis-program/commercial-lunar-payload-services/": {"t": "Commercial Lunar Payload Services", "s": "NASA program for commercial lunar lander services."}, "/e/surface-features-of-the-moon/lunar-lava-tube/": {"t": "Lunar lava tube", "s": "Subsurface voids formed by ancient lunar lava flows."}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/e/apollo-11/apollo-11/": {"t": "Apollo 11", "s": "First crewed mission to land humans on the Moon.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-11/img/apollo-11/apollo-11.webp", "c": "Neil A. Armstrong · via Wikipedia: Apollo 11 · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/solar-power/": {"t": "Solar power", "s": "Conversion of sunlight into electricity via photovoltaics or concentrated solar power."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-moon/e/missions-to-the-moon/smart-1/": {"t": "SMART-1", "s": "ESA lunar orbiter testing ion propulsion and lunar science."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/johns-hopkins-university/": {"t": "Johns Hopkins University", "s": "First U.S. research university, founded by a Quaker philanthropist.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/johns-hopkins-university.webp", "c": "Daderot · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/peary-crater/": {"t": "Peary (crater)", "s": "Large polar crater with permanently shadowed floor regions."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/malapert-crater/": {"t": "Malapert (crater)", "s": "Lunar crater near the south pole with a prominent mountain ridge."}, "/e/surface-features-of-the-moon/lunar-swirls/": {"t": "Lunar swirls", "s": "High-albedo, sinuous lunar features linked to magnetic anomalies."}, "/e/surface-features-of-the-moon/hyginus-crater/": {"t": "Hyginus (crater)", "s": "Volcanic lunar caldera split by a prominent rille."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/venus/": {"t": "Venus", "s": "Earth's twin, hottest planet, shrouded in sulfuric acid clouds."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/apollo-8/": {"t": "Apollo 8", "s": "First crewed mission to reach the Moon", "i": "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/img/successful-space-missions/apollo-8.webp", "c": "Unknown author Unknown author or not provided · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/exploration-of-the-moon/e/exploration-of-the-moon/lunar-water/": {"t": "Lunar water", "s": "Water on the Moon, vital for habitation, exists as ice and bound minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/stellar-evolution/e/stellar-evolution/formation-and-evolution-of-the-solar-system/": {"t": "Formation and evolution of the Solar System", "s": "From nebular collapse to white dwarf: the Solar System's story."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/south-pole-aitken-basin/": {"t": "South Pole–Aitken basin", "s": "The Moon's largest, oldest, and deepest impact basin."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/shackleton-crater/": {"t": "Shackleton (crater)", "s": "Lunar south pole crater with permanently shadowed interior."}, "https://codexery.com/lunar-craters/e/lunar-craters/cabeus-crater/": {"t": "Cabeus (crater)", "s": "A south-polar crater with confirmed water ice."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/plasma-physics/": {"t": "Plasma (physics)", "s": "Plasma is the fourth state of matter, consisting of ionized gas."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/remote-sensing/": {"t": "Remote sensing", "s": "Acquiring information about objects without physical contact."}, "https://codexery.com/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india/e/space-probes-of-esa-japan-china-india-and-the-ussr/moon-impact-probe/": {"t": "Moon Impact Probe", "s": "Indian lunar probe that discovered water on the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/space-launch-vehicles-of-russia/e/space-launch-vehicles-of-russia/soyuz-2/": {"t": "Soyuz-2", "s": "Russian expendable medium-lift rocket with digital flight control."}, "https://codexery.com/spacecraft-that-broke-apart-in-space/e/spacecraft-that-broke-apart-in-space/fregat/": {"t": "Fregat", "s": "Upper stage for Soyuz and Zenit, operational since 2000."}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/yaoki/": {"t": "Yaoki", "s": "Japanese rover that reached the Moon but could not deploy."}, "https://codexery.com/missions-to-the-moon/e/missions-to-the-moon/lunar-trailblazer/": {"t": "Lunar Trailblazer", "s": "NASA lunar orbiter lost after launch in 2025."}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/chang-e-4/": {"t": "Chang'e 4", "s": "First spacecraft to soft-land on the far side of the Moon."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/silicon/": {"t": "Silicon", "s": "The semiconductor element that shapes the modern world."}, "https://codexery.com/impact-craters/e/impact-craters/permanently-shadowed-crater/": {"t": "Permanently shadowed crater", "s": "Depressions in permanent darkness, preserving water ice and volatiles."}, "https://codexery.com/successful-space-missions/e/successful-space-missions/chandrayaan-3/": {"t": "Chandrayaan-3", "s": "First soft landing near the lunar south pole."}, "/e/surface-features-of-the-moon/lunar-south-pole/": {"t": "Lunar south pole", "s": "Southernmost point on the Moon, rich in water ice."}, "https://codexery.com/moon-missions/e/moon-missions/pragyan-chandrayaan-3/": {"t": "Pragyan (Chandrayaan-3)", "s": "Indian lunar rover exploring the Moon's south pole."}, "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/e/leaders-and-monarchs/narendra-modi/": {"t": "Narendra Modi", "s": "Indian Prime Minister who visited Saudi Arabia in 2016.", "i": "https://codexery.com/leaders-and-monarchs/img/leaders-and-monarchs/narendra-modi.webp", "c": "Prime Minister's Office · via Wikipedia: Narendra Modi · GODL-India"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/jawaharlal-nehru/": {"t": "Jawaharlal Nehru", "s": "India's first prime minister and architect of its modern secular democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/e/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/harrison-schmitt/": {"t": "Harrison Schmitt", "s": "Geologist, Apollo 17 astronaut, and former U.S. senator.", "i": "https://codexery.com/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/img/astronauts-and-space-pioneers/harrison-schmitt.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Harrison Schmitt · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/apollo-16/e/apollo-16/lunar-roving-vehicle/": {"t": "Lunar Roving Vehicle", "s": "Battery-powered rover used on three Apollo Moon missions.", "i": "https://codexery.com/apollo-16/img/apollo-16/lunar-roving-vehicle.webp", "c": "NASA / Harrison H. Schmitt · Public domain"}}