{"https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/lithosphere/": {"t": "Lithosphere", "s": "The rigid outer shell of Earth, comprising the crust and lithospheric mantle."}, "https://codexery.com/universities/e/universities/moscow-state-university/": {"t": "Moscow State University", "s": "Russia's oldest university, a center of learning and controversy.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities/img/universities/moscow-state-university.webp", "c": "Suicasmo · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/omniscient-readers-viewpoint/e/world/earth/": {"t": "Earth", "s": "Kim Dokja's world, divided into scenario domes."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/back-arc-basin/": {"t": "Back-arc basin", "s": "Submarine basins formed by extension behind volcanic arcs."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/crust-geology/": {"t": "Crust (geology)", "s": "The outermost solid shell of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/crust-geology.webp", "c": "User:Zakapedia · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/geophysics/": {"t": "Geophysics", "s": "The physical science of Earth and planetary processes"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/petrology/": {"t": "Petrology", "s": "Branch of geology studying rocks and their formation.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/petrology.webp", "c": "Henderson, Charles W.; Michael, Graham John.; Winstanley, J. B. · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/rock-geology/": {"t": "Rock (geology)", "s": "Naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/rock-geology.webp", "c": "Adrian Diack · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-bonding-and-structure/e/chemical-bonding-and-structure/chemical-composition/": {"t": "Chemical composition", "s": "Chemical composition defines elements and their ratios in compounds."}, "https://codexery.com/education-schools/e/education-and-schools/stanford-university/": {"t": "Stanford University", "s": "Private research university in Stanford, California, founded in 1885 by Leland and Jane Stanford.", "i": "https://codexery.com/education-schools/img/education-and-schools/stanford-university.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Stanford University · see source"}, "/e/structure-of-the-earth/lower-mantle/": {"t": "Lower mantle", "s": "The lower mantle spans 660–2890 km depth and comprises 56% of Earth's volume."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/subduction/": {"t": "Subduction", "s": "Subduction recycles lithosphere into the mantle, driving plate tectonics."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/appalachian-mountains/": {"t": "Appalachian Mountains", "s": "Ancient mountain range spanning eastern North America."}, "/e/structure-of-the-earth/mohorovi-i-discontinuity/": {"t": "Mohorovičić discontinuity", "s": "Boundary between Earth's crust and mantle."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/isle-of-man/": {"t": "Isle of Man", "s": "A self-governing Crown Dependency with a distinct identity and history."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/halite/": {"t": "Halite", "s": "Mineral form of sodium chloride, used for salt and de-icing."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/fault-geology/": {"t": "Fault (geology)", "s": "A fracture in rock where displacement occurs, causing earthquakes."}, "https://codexery.com/earth-impact-database/e/earth-impact-database/chicxulub-crater/": {"t": "Chicxulub crater", "s": "Buried impact crater linked to dinosaur extinction."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-element/": {"t": "Chemical element", "s": "Fundamental species of atom defined by proton count."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/soviet-union/": {"t": "Soviet Union", "s": "The world's flagship communist state and a superpower spanning Eurasia."}, "/e/structure-of-the-earth/sial/": {"t": "Sial", "s": "Upper crustal layer rich in aluminium silicate minerals."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/continental-crust/": {"t": "Continental crust", "s": "Continental crust forms the landmasses and shallow seabeds of Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/seismology/": {"t": "Seismology", "s": "Scientific study of earthquakes and elastic wave propagation."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/granite/": {"t": "Granite", "s": "A coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, mica, and plagioclase.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/granite.webp", "c": "Giles Laurent · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/e/geology-and-landforms/basalt/": {"t": "Basalt", "s": "Fine-grained volcanic rock covering most of Earth's surface.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-and-landforms/img/geology-and-landforms/basalt.webp", "c": "Tony Hisgett from Birmingham, UK · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/alfred-wegener/": {"t": "Alfred Wegener", "s": "Originator of the continental drift hypothesis", "i": "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/img/scientists-and-mathematicians/alfred-wegener.webp", "c": "Unknown authorUnknown author · via Wikipedia: Alfred Wegener · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/continental-drift/": {"t": "Continental drift", "s": "Theory of moving continents, rejected then validated."}, "https://codexery.com/rocks-and-minerals/e/rocks-and-minerals/granulite/": {"t": "Granulite", "s": "High-grade metamorphic rocks representing deep continental crust."}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-south-africa/e/world-heritage-sites-in-south-africa/vredefort-impact-structure/": {"t": "Vredefort impact structure", "s": "One of Earth's largest and oldest impact structures, in South Africa."}, "/e/structure-of-the-earth/transition-zone-earth/": {"t": "Transition zone (Earth)", "s": "Earth's mantle zone between upper and lower mantle."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/oceanic-crust/": {"t": "Oceanic crust", "s": "Thinner, denser layer of tectonic plates beneath the oceans."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/passive-margin/": {"t": "Passive margin", "s": "Non-active plate boundary between continental and oceanic lithosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/nebular-hypothesis/": {"t": "Nebular hypothesis", "s": "Model explaining Solar System formation from gas and dust."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/e/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system/": {"t": "Solar System", "s": "The Sun and all objects gravitationally bound to it.", "i": "https://codexery.com/planets-stellar-astronomy/img/planets-and-stellar-astronomy/solar-system.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Solar System · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/magnetic-field/": {"t": "Magnetic field", "s": "A vector field quantifying magnetic influence at a given location."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-magnetic-field/": {"t": "Earth's magnetic field", "s": "Earth's magnetic field, generated by a geodynamo in the outer core, protects the planet from solar wind and cosmic rays."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/andr-marie-amp-re/": {"t": "André-Marie Ampère", "s": "Founder of electrodynamics and namesake of the ampere"}, "https://codexery.com/social-issues/e/social-issues/nobel-prize/": {"t": "Nobel Prize", "s": "Prestigious awards for the greatest benefit to humankind."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/silicon/": {"t": "Silicon", "s": "The semiconductor element that shapes the modern world."}, "https://codexery.com/chemical-elements-metals/e/chemical-elements-and-metals/potassium/": {"t": "Potassium", "s": "Soft alkali metal essential to life and widely used in fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/carl-friedrich-gauss/": {"t": "Carl Friedrich Gauss", "s": "German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/maxwell-s-equations/": {"t": "Maxwell's equations", "s": "Foundation of classical electromagnetism and optics."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/membrane-paradigm/": {"t": "Membrane paradigm", "s": "Models black holes as a thin radiating surface at the event horizon."}, "https://codexery.com/black-holes/e/black-holes/black-hole/": {"t": "Black hole", "s": "An astronomical body from which nothing, not even light, can escape.", "i": "https://codexery.com/black-holes/img/black-holes/black-hole.webp", "c": "Event Horizon Telescope, uploader cropped and converted TIF to JPG · via Wikipedia: Black hole · CC BY 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism/e/electromagnetism/lorentz-force/": {"t": "Lorentz force", "s": "Force on a charged particle by electric and magnetic fields."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/tesla-unit/": {"t": "Tesla (unit)", "s": "SI unit of magnetic flux density, named after Nikola Tesla."}, "https://codexery.com/lines-hemispheres/e/lines-and-hemispheres/equator/": {"t": "Equator", "s": "Imaginary line dividing Earth into Northern and Southern Hemispheres."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/soil-science/": {"t": "Soil science", "s": "Study of soil as a natural resource and its management."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/hydrology/": {"t": "Hydrology", "s": "Study of water movement, distribution, and management."}, "https://codexery.com/philosophical-concepts/e/philosophical-concepts/hypothesis/": {"t": "Hypothesis", "s": "A proposed explanation requiring testable and reproducible prediction."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/continent/": {"t": "Continent", "s": "Large terrestrial region identified by convention, not strict criteria."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/plate-tectonics/": {"t": "Plate tectonics", "s": "Scientific theory of Earth's moving lithospheric plates.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/plate-tectonics.webp", "c": "Surachit · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/charles-darwin/": {"t": "Charles Darwin", "s": "English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/raised-beach/": {"t": "Raised beach", "s": "An emergent coastal landform raised above the shoreline by relative sea-level fall."}, "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/e/countries-and-regions/patagonia/": {"t": "Patagonia", "s": "A vast region spanning southern South America, shared by Argentina and Chile.", "i": "https://codexery.com/countries-and-regions/img/countries-and-regions/patagonia.webp", "c": "Argentixs · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/charles-lyell/": {"t": "Charles Lyell", "s": "Scottish geologist who popularized uniformitarianism and deep time."}, "https://codexery.com/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/e/mountain-ranges-and-massifs/andes/": {"t": "Andes", "s": "Longest continental mountain range, forming western backbone of South America."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/radioactive-decay/": {"t": "Radioactive decay", "s": "Unstable atomic nuclei lose energy by emitting radiation."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/convergent-boundary/": {"t": "Convergent boundary", "s": "A zone where lithospheric plates collide and subduct."}, "https://codexery.com/cosmology-concepts/e/cosmology-concepts/expansion-of-the-universe/": {"t": "Expansion of the universe", "s": "The increase in distance between gravitationally unbound parts of the universe."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/marie-tharp/": {"t": "Marie Tharp", "s": "Cartographer of the ocean floor"}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/paul-dirac/": {"t": "Paul Dirac", "s": "Founder of quantum mechanics and formulator of the Dirac equation"}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant/": {"t": "Gravitational constant", "s": "Fundamental constant quantifying gravitational force strength.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-constant.webp", "c": "National Institute of Standards and Technology · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/jupiter/": {"t": "Jupiter", "s": "Largest planet in the Solar System, a gas giant with a Great Red Spot."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-planet/e/types-of-planet/gas-giant/": {"t": "Gas giant", "s": "Giant planets composed mainly of hydrogen and helium."}, "https://codexery.com/named-stars/e/named-stars/sun/": {"t": "Sun", "s": "The Sun is the central star of the Solar System."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/history-of-earth/": {"t": "History of Earth", "s": "Earth's 4.54-billion-year journey from molten rock to diverse life."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/divergent-boundary/": {"t": "Divergent boundary", "s": "Two plates move apart, creating new crust."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-crust/": {"t": "Earth's crust", "s": "Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, comprising less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/earth-s-crust.webp", "c": "User:Zakapedia · CC BY-SA 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/international-system-of-units/": {"t": "International System of Units", "s": "The modern metric system used worldwide for measurement."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/earth-s-internal-heat-budget/": {"t": "Earth's internal heat budget", "s": "Heat from Earth's interior powers geology and the magnetic field."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-inner-core/": {"t": "Earth's inner core", "s": "Earth's innermost layer: a solid iron-nickel ball under extreme pressure and temperature, revealed by seismic waves.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/earth-s-inner-core.webp", "c": "Edgar Rice Burroughs · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/atmospheric-circulation/e/atmospheric-circulation/atmospheric-temperature/": {"t": "Atmospheric temperature", "s": "Temperature of the atmosphere varies with altitude, location, and time."}, "https://codexery.com/units-measurement/e/units-and-measurement/kelvin/": {"t": "Kelvin", "s": "British scientist who developed the absolute temperature scale."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mid-ocean-ridge/": {"t": "Mid-ocean ridge", "s": "The global mid-oceanic ridge system is the longest mountain range on Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/energy-power/e/energy-and-power/renewable-energy/": {"t": "Renewable energy", "s": "Energy from replenished natural resources, increasingly replacing fossil fuels."}, "https://codexery.com/power-generation/e/power-generation/geothermal-power/": {"t": "Geothermal power", "s": "Renewable electricity from Earth's internal heat."}, "https://codexery.com/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/e/thermodynamics-and-statistical-mechanics/temperature/": {"t": "Temperature", "s": "Temperature measures average particle kinetic energy and thermal energy distribution."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/tropics/": {"t": "Tropics", "s": "The region between the Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/e/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost/": {"t": "Permafrost", "s": "Frozen ground that stores carbon and threatens infrastructure when thawed.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-surface/img/geology-and-earth-surface/permafrost.webp", "c": "NASA's Scientific Visualization Studio - KBR Wyle Services, LLC/Kathryn Mersmann · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/poland/": {"t": "Poland", "s": "A Central European nation with a rich history, from the Piast dynasty to the Solidarity movement."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-mantle/": {"t": "Earth's mantle", "s": "Silicate layer between crust and outer core, driving plate tectonics."}, "https://codexery.com/materials-and-states-of-matter/e/materials-and-states-of-matter/solid/": {"t": "Solid", "s": "A state of matter with tightly bound atoms and structural rigidity."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/ice-age/": {"t": "Ice age", "s": "A period of prolonged cooling leading to expansion of glaciers and ice caps.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/ice-age.webp", "c": "Druyts.t · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "/e/structure-of-the-earth/dynamo-theory/": {"t": "Dynamo theory", "s": "Rotating conductive fluid sustains magnetic fields over astronomical times."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/earth-s-outer-core/": {"t": "Earth's outer core", "s": "Liquid layer generating Earth's magnetic field via convection."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/viscosity/": {"t": "Viscosity", "s": "Viscosity quantifies a fluid's internal resistance to flow."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/earth-s-rotation/": {"t": "Earth's rotation", "s": "Earth spins eastward, slowing over time but recently accelerating."}, "https://codexery.com/electric-motors/e/electric-motors/induction-motor/": {"t": "Induction motor", "s": "An AC motor that creates torque solely by electromagnetic induction."}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/day-length-fluctuations/": {"t": "Day length fluctuations", "s": "Subtle variations in Earth's rotation from weeks to years."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/volcanism/": {"t": "Volcanism", "s": "Eruption of molten material from a planet or moon's interior."}, "https://codexery.com/astronomy-space/e/astronomy-and-space/impact-event/": {"t": "Impact event", "s": "Collisions between astronomical objects that shape planets and life."}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/atmosphere/": {"t": "Atmosphere", "s": "A layer of gases enveloping an astronomical object, retained by gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/transportation/e/transportation/fossil-fuel/": {"t": "Fossil fuel", "s": "Non-renewable energy source formed from prehistoric organic matter."}, "https://codexery.com/ecology-and-behavior/e/ecology-and-behavior/sustainability/": {"t": "Sustainability", "s": "Ability to continue over a long period of time."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry/e/chemistry/hydrocarbon/": {"t": "Hydrocarbon", "s": "Organic compounds of hydrogen and carbon, key to global energy."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/ore/": {"t": "Ore", "s": "Natural rock containing economically viable minerals or metals."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/magma/": {"t": "Magma", "s": "Molten rock beneath Earth's surface, source of all igneous rocks."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/austria/": {"t": "Austria", "s": "A landlocked Central European nation with a rich imperial history and a modern neutral democracy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/france/": {"t": "France", "s": "A global centre of art, science, cuisine and philosophy."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/italy/": {"t": "Italy", "s": "A cultural superpower with the eighth-largest economy and the most UNESCO sites."}, "https://codexery.com/fifa-world-cup/e/honours/spain/": {"t": "Spain", "s": "A country spanning the Iberian Peninsula, with a history from Roman Hispania to a modern constitutional monarchy."}, "https://codexery.com/band-of-brothers/e/world/holland-netherlands/": {"t": "Netherlands", "s": "Holland: Market Garden and 'the Island'."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/core-mantle-boundary/": {"t": "Core–mantle boundary", "s": "Boundary between Earth's mantle and liquid outer core."}, "/e/structure-of-the-earth/large-low-shear-velocity-provinces/": {"t": "Large low-shear-velocity provinces", "s": "Mantle structures with slow shear waves at the core–mantle boundary."}, "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/e/phantom-places-and-discovery/kerguelen-plateau/": {"t": "Kerguelen Plateau", "s": "A sunken microcontinent in the southern Indian Ocean, built by the Kerguelen hotspot.", "i": "https://codexery.com/phantom-places-discovery/img/phantom-places-and-discovery/kerguelen-plateau.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Kerguelen Plateau · see source"}, "/e/structure-of-the-earth/seismic-tomography/": {"t": "Seismic tomography", "s": "Imaging Earth's interior using seismic wave variations."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/igneous-rock/": {"t": "Igneous rock", "s": "One of the three main rock types, formed from cooling magma or lava."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/noble-gas/": {"t": "Noble gas", "s": "Group 18 elements with full valence shells and low reactivity."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/yellowstone-hotspot/": {"t": "Yellowstone hotspot", "s": "Volcanic hotspot underlying the North American tectonic plate."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/asthenosphere/": {"t": "Asthenosphere", "s": "Ductile upper mantle layer enabling plate tectonics."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-reaction/": {"t": "Chemical reaction", "s": "Process rearranging atoms with energy change, yielding new substances.", "i": "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/img/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-reaction.webp", "c": "Д.Ильин : translation, optimization · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/internal-structure-of-earth/": {"t": "Internal structure of Earth", "s": "Earth's interior is layered by chemistry and mechanical behavior."}, "https://codexery.com/manufacturing-and-materials/e/manufacturing-and-materials/metallurgy/": {"t": "Metallurgy", "s": "The science and technology of metals and alloys."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/molybdenum/": {"t": "Molybdenum", "s": "Molybdenum is a transition metal essential for life and industry."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/titanium/": {"t": "Titanium", "s": "A strong, lightweight metal with high corrosion resistance."}, "https://codexery.com/particle-and-nuclear-physics/e/particle-and-nuclear-physics/nucleosynthesis/": {"t": "Nucleosynthesis", "s": "Process creating atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons and nuclei."}, "https://codexery.com/neutron-stars/e/neutron-stars/neutron-star-merger/": {"t": "Neutron star merger", "s": "Collisions of neutron stars produce heavy elements and gamma-ray bursts."}, "https://codexery.com/types-of-planet/e/types-of-planet/terrestrial-planet/": {"t": "Terrestrial planet", "s": "Rocky planets with solid surfaces, including Earth and similar worlds."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/telluric-iron/": {"t": "Telluric iron", "s": "Rare terrestrial metallic iron found in Greenland."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/mineral/": {"t": "Mineral", "s": "Naturally occurring solid with defined composition and crystal structure."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-compound/": {"t": "Chemical compound", "s": "Substance of multiple elements bonded in fixed proportions."}, "https://codexery.com/cooking/e/cooking-techniques/boiling/": {"t": "Boiling", "s": "Rapid phase transition from liquid to gas at boiling point."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/ammonia/": {"t": "Ammonia", "s": "A colourless gas with a pungent smell, vital for fertilizers."}, "https://codexery.com/periodic-table-elements/e/periodic-table-and-elements/hydrogen/": {"t": "Hydrogen", "s": "The 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"s": "Resistivity measures opposition to current; conductivity is its reciprocal.", "i": "https://codexery.com/electricity-and-magnetism/img/electricity-and-magnetism/electrical-resistivity-and-conductivity.webp", "c": "Wolff, F.A.; Dellinger, J.H. · No restrictions"}, "/e/structure-of-the-earth/mesoplates/": {"t": "Mesoplates", "s": "A rigid layer in the mantle or crust, defined in two distinct contexts."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/x-ray-crystallography/": {"t": "X-ray crystallography", "s": "Determines atomic structure via X-ray diffraction from crystals."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/e/physical-chemistry-and-thermodynamics/partition-coefficient/": {"t": "Partition coefficient", "s": "Ratio of solute concentrations between two immiscible solvents at equilibrium."}, "https://codexery.com/atmosphere/e/atmosphere/mesosphere/": {"t": "Mesosphere", "s": "The coldest, least understood layer of Earth's atmosphere."}, "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/e/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university/": {"t": "Harvard University", "s": "Oldest institution of higher learning in the United States.", "i": "https://codexery.com/universities-and-colleges/img/universities-and-colleges/harvard-university.webp", "c": "Harvard University · via Wikipedia: Harvard University · Public domain"}, "https://codexery.com/geometry-and-shapes/e/geometry-and-shapes/sphere/": {"t": "Sphere", "s": "A sphere is a set of points equidistant from a center in 3D space."}, "https://codexery.com/rules-of-thumb/e/rules-of-thumb/heuristic/": {"t": "Heuristic", "s": "A mental shortcut for satisfactory, not optimal, solutions."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/seabed/": {"t": "Seabed", "s": "The ocean floor, shaped by tectonics and sediment."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/magma-chamber/": {"t": "Magma chamber", "s": "Large pool of liquid rock beneath Earth's surface.", "i": "https://codexery.com/volcanology/img/volcanology/magma-chamber.webp", "c": "Willem Kruger, Rais Latypov · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/drilling-rig-operators/e/drilling-rig-operators/integrated-ocean-drilling-program/": {"t": "Integrated Ocean Drilling Program", "s": "International marine research program sampling sub-seafloor environments."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-fundamentals/e/chemistry-fundamentals/chemical-equilibrium/": {"t": "Chemical equilibrium", "s": "State where forward and reverse reaction rates are equal."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/buoyancy/": {"t": "Buoyancy", "s": "Buoyancy is the upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed object."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/mid-atlantic-ridge/": {"t": "Mid-Atlantic Ridge", "s": "Divergent plate boundary forming the Atlantic Ocean floor."}, "https://codexery.com/crystallography/e/crystallography/crystallization/": {"t": "Crystallization", "s": "Process forming ordered solids from solution, melt, or gas."}, "https://codexery.com/islands-and-archipelagos/e/islands-and-archipelagos/hawaii/": {"t": "Hawaii", "s": "Island state with a tropical climate and diverse heritage."}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/indian-ocean/": {"t": "Indian Ocean", "s": "Third-largest ocean, warmest, key to global climate and trade."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/frame-of-reference/": {"t": "Frame of reference", "s": "Abstract coordinate system for describing physical space and motion."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/pacific-plate/": {"t": "Pacific plate", "s": "The largest tectonic plate, underlying most of the Pacific Ocean."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/nazca-plate/": {"t": "Nazca plate", "s": "Oceanic plate subducting under South America, driving Andean uplift."}, "https://codexery.com/extreme-points-of-earth/e/extreme-points-of-earth/arctic-ocean/": {"t": "Arctic Ocean", "s": "The smallest, shallowest, and coldest of the world's five oceans.", "i": "https://codexery.com/extreme-points-of-earth/img/extreme-points-of-earth/arctic-ocean.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arctic Ocean · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/kinematics/": {"t": "Kinematics", "s": "Subfield of physics and geometry describing motion without forces."}, "https://codexery.com/electromagnetism-and-waves/e/electromagnetism-and-waves/refraction/": {"t": "Refraction", "s": "Refraction redirects waves when they change speed between media."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics/e/classical-mechanics/velocity/": {"t": "Velocity", "s": "A vector measure of speed with direction."}, "https://codexery.com/drillships/e/drillships/cuss-i/": {"t": "CUSS I", "s": "Drill ship that pioneered dynamic positioning for deep-water drilling."}, "https://codexery.com/drillships/e/drillships/chiky/": {"t": "Chikyū", "s": "Japanese scientific drillship targeting the Earth's mantle."}, "https://codexery.com/drillships/e/drillships/drillship/": {"t": "Drillship", "s": "A ship-shaped vessel for offshore drilling with high mobility."}, "https://codexery.com/drillships/e/drillships/joides-resolution/": {"t": "JOIDES Resolution", "s": "Scientific drilling ship for ocean floor research."}, "https://codexery.com/miscellaneous-cities/e/miscellaneous-cities/colombo/": {"t": "Colombo", "s": "Colombo is Sri Lanka's executive, judicial, and commercial capital."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanology/e/volcanology/volcanic-arc/": {"t": "Volcanic arc", "s": "Belt of volcanoes formed above a subducting oceanic tectonic plate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/volcanology/img/volcanology/volcanic-arc.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/e/aircraft-components/boundary-layer/": {"t": "Boundary layer", "s": "Thin fluid layer near a surface where viscous forces dominate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/aircraft-components/img/aircraft-components/boundary-layer.webp", "c": "Olivier Cleynen · CC0"}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/earth-science/": {"t": "Earth science", "s": "Study of Earth's physical, chemical, and biological systems and interactions."}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/basin-and-range-province/": {"t": "Basin and Range Province", "s": "A vast region of alternating mountain ranges and arid basins.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/basin-and-range-province.webp", "c": "Original image: Kathleen Smith vectorization: AntiCompositeNumber · CC BY 3.0"}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/cretaceous/": {"t": "Cretaceous", "s": "The longest geological period, marked by warm climates, dinosaurs, and the rise of flowering plants, ending with a mass extinction.", "i": "https://codexery.com/geology/img/geology/cretaceous.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/seas-and-oceans/e/seas-and-oceans/gulf-of-aden/": {"t": "Gulf of Aden", "s": "A deepwater gulf of the Indian Ocean, vital for global shipping and rich in biodiversity."}, "https://codexery.com/volcanoes/e/volcanoes/cascade-volcanoes/": {"t": "Cascade Volcanoes", "s": "A continental volcanic arc formed by Cascadia subduction."}, "https://codexery.com/major-islands-and-archipelagos/e/major-islands-and-archipelagos/cook-islands/": {"t": "Cook Islands", "s": "Self-governing island nation in free association with New Zealand"}, "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/e/plateaus-and-plains/snake-river-plain/": {"t": "Snake River Plain", "s": "A volcanic plain shaping Idaho's geography and climate.", "i": "https://codexery.com/plateaus-and-plains/img/plateaus-and-plains/snake-river-plain.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Snake River Plain · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/cultural-and-historical-regions/e/cultural-and-historical-regions/eurasia/": {"t": "Eurasia", "s": "The largest continental area on Earth, spanning Europe and Asia."}, "https://codexery.com/structural-geology-and-tectonics/e/structural-geology-and-tectonics/continental-fragment/": {"t": "Continental fragment", "s": "Pieces of continents broken off into distant islands."}, "https://codexery.com/u-s-states/e/u-s-states/wyoming/": {"t": "Wyoming", "s": "Least populous U.S. state, first to grant women's suffrage."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/notable/isaac-newton/": {"t": "Isaac Newton", "s": "English polymath who formulated laws of motion and universal gravitation."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/e/classical-mechanics-and-dynamics/newton-s-law-of-universal-gravitation/": {"t": "Newton's law of universal gravitation", "s": "Gravity as a universal force between all masses."}, "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/e/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-field/": {"t": "Gravitational field", "s": "A vector field explaining gravitational influences around a body.", "i": "https://codexery.com/relativity-and-gravitation/img/relativity-and-gravitation/gravitational-field.webp", "c": "MikeRun · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/earth/e/earth/earth-mass/": {"t": "Earth mass", "s": "A standard astronomical unit equal to the mass of Earth."}, "https://codexery.com/notable-mountains-and-peaks/e/notable-mountains-and-peaks/chimborazo/": {"t": "Chimborazo", "s": "Ecuador's highest peak and farthest point from Earth's center."}, "https://codexery.com/scientists-and-mathematicians/e/scientists-and-mathematicians/edmond-halley/": {"t": "Edmond Halley", "s": "English astronomer who predicted the return of Halley's Comet."}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/yorkshire/": {"t": "Yorkshire", "s": "God's own country"}, "https://codexery.com/english-counties/e/english-counties/cumberland/": {"t": "Cumberland", "s": "Historic county in North West England; a unitary authority area of the same name was created in 2023."}, "https://codexery.com/inventors/e/great-inventors/benjamin-franklin/": {"t": "Benjamin Franklin", "s": "Founding Father, scientist, inventor, and diplomat.", "i": "https://codexery.com/inventors/img/great-inventors/benjamin-franklin.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Benjamin Franklin · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/ancient-inventions/e/ancient-inventions/quadrant-instrument/": {"t": "Quadrant (instrument)", "s": "An angle-measuring instrument derived from the astrolabe."}, "https://codexery.com/italian-inventions/e/italian-inventions/barometer/": {"t": "Barometer", "s": "Instrument measuring air pressure for weather forecasting."}, "https://codexery.com/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/e/classical-and-fluid-mechanics/precession/": {"t": "Precession", "s": "A change in the orientation of a rotating body's rotational axis."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/contour-line/": {"t": "Contour line", "s": "Lines joining points of equal value on maps and graphs.", "i": "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/img/physical-geography-and-elevation/contour-line.webp", "c": "Richard West · CC BY-SA 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/locations-associated-with-arthurian/e/locations-associated-with-arthurian-legend/arthur-s-seat/": {"t": "Arthur's Seat", "s": "An ancient extinct volcano and the main peak of a group of hills in Edinburgh, Scotland.", "i": "https://codexery.com/locations-associated-with-arthurian/img/locations-associated-with-arthurian-legend/arthur-s-seat.webp", "c": "via Wikipedia: Arthur's Seat · see source"}, "https://codexery.com/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/e/world-heritage-sites-in-scotland/old-and-new-towns-of-edinburgh/": {"t": "Old and New Towns of Edinburgh", "s": "Medieval Old Town and Georgian New Town, a UNESCO site."}, "https://codexery.com/kerbal-space-program/e/lore/g-force/": {"t": "G-force", "s": "Acceleration measured in multiples of gravity."}, "https://codexery.com/physical-geography-elevation/e/physical-geography-and-elevation/digital-elevation-model/": {"t": "Digital elevation model", "s": "3D computer graphics representation of elevation data for terrain."}, "https://codexery.com/chinese-inventions/e/chinese-inventions/seismometer/": {"t": "Seismometer", "s": "Instrument that measures ground motion from quakes and explosions."}, "https://codexery.com/medical-tests/e/medical-tests/ct-scan/": {"t": "CT scan", "s": "Cross-sectional X-ray imaging for detailed internal views."}, "https://codexery.com/geology-earth-science/e/geology-and-earth-science/landslide/": {"t": "Landslide", "s": "Mass wasting events driven by gravity and slope instability."}, "https://codexery.com/nasa-space-probes/e/nasa-space-probes/insight/": {"t": "InSight", "s": "Lander that studied Mars' deep interior and detected marsquakes."}, "https://codexery.com/planets-and-dwarf-planets/e/planets-and-dwarf-planets/mars/": {"t": "Mars", "s": "The fourth planet from the Sun, a desert world with polar ice caps."}, "/e/structure-of-the-earth/conrad-discontinuity/": {"t": "Conrad discontinuity", "s": "Seismic boundary in continental crust between upper and lower layers."}, "https://codexery.com/minerals-ore-deposits/e/minerals-and-ore-deposits/silicate-mineral/": {"t": "Silicate mineral", "s": "Silicate minerals form 90% of Earth's crust."}, "https://codexery.com/coastal-marine-geology/e/coastal-and-marine-geology/oceanic-basin/": {"t": "Oceanic basin", "s": "Ocean basins are vast, interconnected depressions holding most of Earth's seawater."}, "https://codexery.com/geology/e/geology/feldspar/": {"t": "Feldspar", "s": "A group of rock-forming minerals comprising most of Earth's crust."}, "https://codexery.com/chemistry-materials/e/chemistry-and-materials/magnesium/": {"t": "Magnesium", "s": "Lightweight metal essential to life and industry."}, "/e/structure-of-the-earth/iron-nickel-alloy/": {"t": "Iron–nickel alloy", "s": "Primary alloy of planetary cores and iron meteorites."}, "https://codexery.com/gemstones/e/gemstones/garnet/": {"t": "Garnet", "s": "Silicate minerals used as gemstones and abrasives since the Bronze Age.", "i": "https://codexery.com/gemstones/img/gemstones/garnet.webp", "c": "James St. John · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/narrative-forms-and-devices/e/narrative-forms-and-devices/science-fiction/": {"t": "Science fiction", "s": "Genre of speculative fiction about advanced technology and its consequences."}, "https://codexery.com/writers-poets/e/writers-and-poets/jules-verne/": {"t": "Jules Verne", "s": "French novelist, poet, and playwright; creator of the Voyages extraordinaires."}, "https://codexery.com/novels-major-fiction/e/novels-and-major-fiction/journey-to-the-centre-of-the-earth/": {"t": "Journey to the Centre of the Earth", "s": "Classic novel of subterranean exploration and prehistoric survival."}, "https://codexery.com/television-series-by-allspark/e/television-series-by-allspark/inhumanoids/": {"t": "Inhumanoids", "s": "Earth Corps battles subterranean monsters with elemental allies."}, "https://codexery.com/1990s-american-superhero-television/e/1990s-american-superhero-television-series/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-1987-tv-series/": {"t": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)", "s": "Heroes in a half-shell, turtle power!"}, "https://codexery.com/fictional-martial-arts-trainers/e/fictional-martial-arts-trainers/shredder-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/": {"t": "Shredder (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)", "s": "Ruthless leader of the Foot Clan and archenemy of the Turtles."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/don-rosa/": {"t": "Don Rosa", "s": "The man who brought Scrooge McDuck to life.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/don-rosa.webp", "c": "Doc Cardio · via Wikipedia: Don Rosa · CC BY-SA 4.0"}, "https://codexery.com/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/e/mechanics-and-fluid-dynamics/free-fall/": {"t": "Free fall", "s": "Motion under only gravity, producing uniform acceleration and weightlessness."}, "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/e/artists/carl-barks/": {"t": "Carl Barks", "s": "The Duck Man who created Scrooge McDuck and shaped Disney comics.", "i": "https://codexery.com/historical-figures/img/artists/carl-barks.webp", "c": "Alan Light on flickr · via Wikipedia: Carl Barks · CC BY 2.0"}, "https://codexery.com/british-television-series-about-time/e/british-television-series-about-time-travel/doctor-who/": {"t": "Doctor Who", "s": "A Time Lord travels through space and time in a police box."}, "https://codexery.com/tenth-doctor-episodes/e/tenth-doctor-episodes/the-runaway-bride-doctor-who/": {"t": "The Runaway Bride (Doctor Who)", "s": "A bride appears in the TARDIS, leading to a Racnoss plot."}, "https://codexery.com/british-science-fiction-films/e/british-science-fiction-films/daleks-invasion-earth-2150-a-d/": {"t": "Daleks' Invasion Earth 2150 A.D.", "s": "Second Dalek film based on a Doctor Who serial."}, "https://codexery.com/cyberpunk-films/e/cyberpunk-films/total-recall-2012-film/": {"t": "Total Recall (2012 film)", "s": "A factory worker discovers his identity is a fabricated cover."}}