Shoemaker spinefoot (Siganus sutor)

Classification (WoRMS)

Full classification as recorded by WoRMS: Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Teleostei · Order: Acanthuriformes · Family: Siganidae · Genus: Siganus.

Accepted name: Siganus sutor · Authority: (Valenciennes, 1835) · Taxonomic status: accepted · AphiaID: 219688.

Synonyms and superseded combinations recorded for this taxon: Amphacanthus abhortani Valenciennes, 1835; Amphacanthus olivaceus Valenciennes, 1835; Amphacanthus sutor Valenciennes, 1835; Buro brunneus Lacepède, 1803; Teuthis abhortani (Valenciennes, 1835).

Source: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) — https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=219688 (CC BY 4.0). Accessed 2026-09-23.

Biology and life history (FishBase)

Measured values published by FishBase for Siganus sutor. Only fields the database actually holds for this species are shown; these are database values, not aquarium guidance.

Maximum length: 45 cm · Common length: 30 cm · Depth range: 1–50 m · Habitat zone: reef-associated · Body shape: fusiform / normal · Vulnerability index: 26 of 100 · Fishery importance: commercial · Aquarium trade: never/rarely.

FishBase notes: Inhabits inshore areas and inner reefs (Ref. 9710). Often occurs among seagrasses to browse on 'aufwuchs'. Forms schools. A food fish that is occasionally poisonous (Ref. 4537).

Source: FishBase species summary (SpecCode 4615) — https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Siganus-sutor.html (CC BY-NC 3.0 — non-commercial use only). Accessed 2026-09-23.

Distribution and occurrence records (GBIF)

3,544 georeferenced occurrence records for Siganus sutor are published through GBIF from 23 countries or marine areas. The map above plots 30 distinct locations from a sample of 3,000 records, omitting 11 inland records that carry an institution's coordinates rather than a collection site; it shows where the species has been observed and reported, not a modelled range.

Most records by country or area: Mozambique (3,253); Kenya (83); South Africa (77); Madagascar (26); Mauritius (20).

The full country table, WoRMS marine regions and the sampling notes are on this species' Distribution page.

Source: GBIF Occurrence Search (taxonKey 2390260) — https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=2390260&has_coordinate=true (records CC0 / CC BY); WoRMS distribution records (MarineRegions) — https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=219688 (CC BY 4.0); Natural Earth 110m basemap — https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ (public domain). Accessed 2026-09-23.

Conservation status (IUCN Red List)

The IUCN Red List assesses Siganus sutor (Valenciennes, 1835) as Least Concern (code LC). No trend, population estimate or threat analysis is given here, because none is available from this source without the Red List API; follow the source link for the full assessment, including its date.

Source: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (taxon 117007332) — https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/117007332/0; GBIF IUCN Red List category endpoint (taxonKey 2390260) — https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2390260/iucnRedListCategory. Accessed 2026-09-23.

Description and natural history (Wikipedia)

Siganus sutor was first formally described in 1835 as Amphacanthus sutor by the French zoologist Achilles Valenciennes, with the type locality given as the Seychelles. The specific name sutor means "cobbler" or "shoemaker", a reference to the local name given to this species in the Seychelles and Mauritius; and cordonnier means a "shoemaker", being a name for rabbitfishes in the Seychellois Creole and Mauritian Creole languages. Valenciennes did not explain this, but it is thought to refer to the sharp spines of these fishes which may have been used to puncture leather, like an awl.

Siganus sutor has a maximum reported age of 3 years.

The color patterns of the fish extend to the fins. During the daytime, the body of the S. sutor is usually a silver color with white spots. Sometimes there would be blue spots within the white spots. During night time, the fish has a mottled green or grey color. Siganus sutor has the ability to immediately change between these two color patterns.

The spines of the Siganids are slender, pungent and venomous. Venom glands in the spines can cause great pain but are unlikely to be fatal to a healthy adult.

S. sutor has a total of 13-14 dorsal spines, 10 dorsal soft rays, 7 anal spines, 9-10 anal soft rays and 23 vertebrae. The long flap of the anterior nostril shortens as the fish ages.

Siganus sutor occurs in the Western Indian Ocean off East Africa, from Somalia to South Africa, and around the islands of Madagascar, Réunion, Mauritius, the Comoros Islands, Rodrigues, as well as in the Gulf of Aden off Yemen. Records elsewhere require confirmation. It is found at depths between 1 and 12 m in inshore areas and on inner reefs. It is frequently recorded in beds of seagrass.

Siganus sutor shows diurnal schooling behavior and feeds in shallow water habitats. They inhabit in inshore areas, particularly in seagrass beds and coral reefs (when they are adults). The depth range of the living habitat is from 1m to 50m, but usually from 1m to 12 m. When S. sutor is threatened, it will raise its dorsal fin for protection. Also, S. sutor returns to the same offshore coral patch reef aggregation site to spawn on subsequent full moons, migrating at most 3.3 km from fishing grounds closer to shore.

Siganus sutor is an herbivore, which feeds mainly on macro-algae. It is a diurnal feeder, but it is often seen out in the open sea on night dives off the Tanzanian coast.

This species produces venom in the spines of its fins. In a study of the venom of a congener it was found that rabbitfish venom was similar to the venom of stonefishes. If a person is envenomated by the spines of Siganus sutor, the treatment is to use hot water (as hot as one can take) for 60 to 90 minutes.

Siganus sutors are likely to have gill parasites, such as the monogeneans Psedohaliotrema sp., Tetrancistrum sigani and Microcotyle mouwoi, the copepods Hatschekia sp., Psedolepeophtheirus sp. and juvenile Caligidae, and prazina larvae of the isopod Gnathia sp. Compare to the subadults, adult siganids would have higher parasite load, and the juvenile siganids do not have any gill parasites.

The two spawning seasons for Siganus sutor are January/February and May/June.The presence of these seasons is determined by three factors: temporal changes in the condition factor and relative weight of the gonads, the progression of peaks of maturity stages with seasonal presence of spent fish in the samples, and the seasonal appearance of juveniles.

Siganus sutor and two other fish species (Lethrinus harak and Rastrelliger kanagurta) had been used to study the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in marine fishes from Dar es Salaam Tanzania. Researchers had assessed the potential risks to human health and the suitability of the fishes' fins as a non-destructive monitoring organ. The results showed that fins were not suitable as non-destructive monitoring organs for most metals. The levels of metal intake of aluminum, cadmium, copper, iron, lead and zinc in the muscles of the Siganus sutor were below the FAO/WHO maximum levels for contaminants and toxins in food for human consumption.

Wildlife Conservation Society, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute and State Department of Fisheries have promoted modification of the basket trap by adding an escape gap to help reduce the by-catch, which then allows the juveniles and small-sized fish to swim out of the trap.

Source: Wikipedia: Siganus sutor — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siganus_sutor (CC BY-SA 4.0). Accessed 2026-09-23.