Belted sandfish (Serranus subligarius)

Classification (WoRMS)

Full classification as recorded by WoRMS: Kingdom: Animalia · Phylum: Chordata · Class: Teleostei · Order: Perciformes · Family: Serranidae · Genus: Serranus.

Accepted name: Serranus subligarius · Authority: (Cope, 1870) · Taxonomic status: accepted · AphiaID: 159236.

Synonyms and superseded combinations recorded for this taxon: Centropristis subligarius Cope, 1870.

Source: World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) — https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=159236 (CC BY 4.0). Accessed 2026-09-25.

Biology and life history (FishBase)

Measured values published by FishBase for Serranus subligarius. Only fields the database actually holds for this species are shown; these are database values, not aquarium guidance.

Maximum length: 10 cm · Habitat zone: demersal · Body shape: fusiform / normal · Vulnerability index: 23.8 of 100 · Fishery importance: commercial · Aquarium trade: never/rarely.

FishBase notes: Occurs from water's edge to at least 18 m depth, often in silty water. Synchronously hermaphroditic. Not a coral-reef species (Ref. 26938).

Source: FishBase species summary (SpecCode 3348) — https://www.fishbase.se/summary/Serranus-subligarius.html (CC BY-NC 3.0 — non-commercial use only). Accessed 2026-09-25.

Distribution and occurrence records (GBIF)

16,923 georeferenced occurrence records for Serranus subligarius are published through GBIF from 5 countries or marine areas. The map above plots 38 distinct locations from a sample of 3,000 records, omitting 15 inland records that carry an institution's coordinates rather than a collection site; it shows where the species has been observed and reported, not a modelled range.

Most records by country or area: United States of America (16,429); Puerto Rico (443); Mexico (49); Indonesia (1); Panama (1).

The full country table, WoRMS marine regions and the sampling notes are on this species' Distribution page.

Source: GBIF Occurrence Search (taxonKey 2388718) — https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/search?taxon_key=2388718&has_coordinate=true (records CC0 / CC BY); WoRMS distribution records (MarineRegions) — https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=159236 (CC BY 4.0); Natural Earth 110m basemap — https://www.naturalearthdata.com/ (public domain). Accessed 2026-09-25.

Conservation status (IUCN Red List)

The IUCN Red List assesses Serranus subligarius (Cope, 1870) as Least Concern (code LC). No trend, population estimate or threat analysis is given here, because none is available from this source without the Red List API; follow the source link for the full assessment, including its date.

Source: IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (taxon 190339) — https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/190339/0; GBIF IUCN Red List category endpoint (taxonKey 2388718) — https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2388718/iucnRedListCategory. Accessed 2026-09-25.

Description and natural history (Wikipedia)

The belted sandfish has a laterally compressed elongate body with a relatively short, pointed snout. It has 3 clearly visible spines on the gill cover, the middle spine being straight. The margins of the preopercle are serrated. The dorsal fin has 10 spines and 12-14 soft rays while the anal fin contains 3 spines and 7 soft rays.

The caudal fin is truncate. The head and body are reddish-brown in colour marked with lines created by a dark spot on the scales on the body. A dark stripe runs through the eye and reaches back to anterior part of the body. The posterior part of the body has 4 dark bars that run onto the dorsal fin, with the most forward bar being the most obvious and this bar extends onto the anterior of the soft rayes part of the dorsal as an obvious black blotch.

There is a clear white bar in the middle of the lower part of the body, situated immediately in front of the most forward dark bar. There are wavy dark bars on the dorsal, anal and caudal fins and, in some fish, there is a pair of large black blotches at the base of the caudal fin. The pelvic fins are black with white leading edges. The belted sandfish attains a maximum recorded total length of 10 cm.

Distribution

The belted sandfish is found in the western Atlantic Ocean. Its range extends north as far as North Carolina and from there it is found south along the eastern coast of the United States and into the Gulf of Mexico, where its range extends from northwestern Cuba and the Florida Keys north and west along the Gulf coast to the border between the United States and Mexico and along the coast of Mexico from Veracruz and Madagascar Reef on the Campeche Banks, and in the Caribbean Sea along the southern coast of Cuba.

Habitat and biology

The belted sand fish is found silty waters where there is a substrate of mixed rubble and sand, often near jetties, rocky outcrops and artificial reefs. It can be found from the water's edge down to 18 m. It is a predatory species, the smaller fish, less than 40 mm in total length, eat small crustaceans such as amphipods, gammarids and shrimp while the larger fish also ate amphipods but preyed on crabs, fishes and shrimp too. They are solitary fish which hunt close to the substrate, typically as the sun goes down.

They capture prey by drawing it into their large mouth by creating a powerful suction as the mouth opens and then swallowing it whole. The belted sandfish is a synchronous hermaphrodite, i.e. the fish have both male and female functional gonads and self fertilisation is, at least, theoretically possible. This fish demonstrates three different types of mating strategy. Some fish behave as female, others are called streaker males and have an opportunistic strategy while courting males behave like males in gonochoristic species.

Fish with lengths of less than 7.5 cm are most commonly females while fish larger than that breed more often as courting males. The opportunistic streaker males tend to be smaller but can be of any size.

Taxonomy

The belted sandfish was first formally described as Centropristis subligarius in 1870 by the American paleontologist and zoologist Edward Drinker Cope (1840-1897) with the type locality given as Pensacola in Florida.

The belted sandfish is found in the aquarium trade.

Source: Wikipedia: Belted sandfish — https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belted_sandfish (CC BY-SA 4.0). Accessed 2026-09-25.